BERGEN'S ELEMENTS OF BOTANY 



QK 47 
.B494 
Copy 1 



KEY AND FLORA 



SOUTHERN UNITED STATES EDITION 



S. M. TRACY, M.S. 

.FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN Tfl E 
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI 



BOSTON, U.S.A. 

GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHEES 

®&e athenaeum Press 

1899 



BERGEN'S ELEMENTS OF BOTANY 



KEY AND FLORA 



SOUTHERN UNITED STATES EDITION 



S. M. TRACY, M.S. 

FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IX THE 
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI 



BOSTON, U.S.A. 

GIjSTN & COMPANY, PUBLISHEES 

Cbe ^tljenaeum press 

1899 



46745 

Copyright, 1899, by 
S. M. TRACY 



ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 



TWO COPIES RECEIVED, 



. 



4:- <b*3 

8EC0NDCOPY. ^^^^ 






PAKT II. 



FLORA OF THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES. 



S. M. TRACY, M.S., 

Late Director and Botanist of the Afississijypi Agricultural Experiment Station, 
formerly Professor of Botany, Missouri State University. 



PEEFACE. 



This manual is designed for the use of secondary schools 
in the southeastern part of the United States, from North 
Carolina southward to Florida and westward to Texas. It 
does not purport to give all the known flowering plants of 
that region, but gives the more common species blooming in 
the early summer before the close of the school year, together 
with a few of those which are prominent later in the season. 
In the selection of the species given, only such as may be 
identified with clearness and certainty have been included; 
while some, although very common, which are separated from 
others only by minute and technical differences, have been 
omitted. The object of the work is not so much to enable 
the student to name the family, genus, and species of every 
plant he may find, as to enable him to learn how plants are 
classified, something of the relations and differences of the 
more important groups, and the process by which an unknown 
plant may be identified. The ability to identify and name 
plants is not the object of botanical study, but it is a great 
assistance in attaining the knowledge which the true student 
of botany is seeking — an understanding of the laws of life 
in the vegetable kingdom. 



4 PREFACE. 

It is suggested to teachers using this book that they should 
take pains to secure for class-room study only such plants as 
are described in the manual, that time may not be wasted and 
pupils discouraged by efforts to identify species which are 
too difficult for elementary work. The illustrations are from 
Bergen's text-book, and are used with the original numbers. 
In preparing the descriptions living plants have been exam- 
ined whenever possible, while free use has been made of 
Chapman's Flora of the Southern States, Gray's Synoptical 
Flora, Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora, and other 
botanical works. 

Biloxi, Miss., March 15, 1899. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF PHANEROGAMS 
DESCRIBED IN THIS MANUAL. 



CLASS I. 

GYMNOSPERMS. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves usually evergreen and needle-shaped or scale-like ; 
flowers monoecious or dioecious ; fruit a dry or fleshy cone. 

1. Pinaceae. 

CLASS II. 
ANGIOSPERMS. Ovules enclosed in an ovary. 

Subclass 1. — Monocotyledons. Flowers usually on the plan of 3, 
never of 5 ; leaves usually parallel-veined ; cotyledon single. 

Flowers glumaceous. 

Flowers 2-bracted ; leaves 2-ranked ; stem 

cylindrical 

Flowers 1-bracted ; leaves 3-ranked ; stem 

triangular 



Flowers on a spadix. 

Spadix spike-like ; perianth of bristles 

Spadix simple, fleshy 

Spadix branched 

Flowers not on a spadix. * 

Carpels several, distinct .... 
Carpels united. 

Perianth free, or united only to the base of the 
ovary. 
Perianth regular, segments chaffy . " . 

5 



4. Gramineae. 

5. Cyperacese. 

2. Typhacese. 
7. AraceaB. 

6. Sabalaceae. 

3/ Alismacese. 
11. Juncacese. 



6 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

Perianth, regular ; in 2 series, the outer sepal- 
like. 

Epiphytes or parasites 8. Bromeliacese. 

Terrestrial, petals deliquescent ... 9. CommelinaceSB. 

Terrestrial, petals withering-persistent . 14. Convallariacea). 
Perianth regular, segments nearly alike, 
petaloid. 
Fruit capsular. 
Styles distinct or partly united . . 12. MelanthaceaB. 
Styles wholly united .... 13. Liliacese. 

Fruit berry -like. 
Stems climbing by tendrils . . . 15. SmilaceaB. 

Steins not climbing 14. ConvallariaceaB. 

Perianth irregular. 

Perianth in 2 series, the outer sepal-like . 9. Comnielinace86. 

Perianth in a single series, the segments 

united 10. Pontederiaceae. 

Perianth adnate to the ovary. 
Stamens with anthers, 1 or 2 . . . 19. Orchidaceae. 
Stamens 3, opposite the inner perianth seg- 
ments 10. Haemodoraceae. 

Stamens 3, opposite the outer perianth seg- 
ments 18. Iridaceae. 

Stamens 6 17. Amaryllidaceae. 

Subclass 2. — Dicotyledons. Flowers usually on the plan of 5 or 4 ; 
leaves netted-veined ; cotyledons 2. 



Apetalous division. Flowers with no corolla, and sometimes with no calyx. 
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one or both kinds in aments. 

Staminate flowers in aments, the pistillate solitary or clustered. 

Leaves pinnately compound . . . . 21. Juglandaceae. 

Leaves simple 25. Fagaceae. 

Both staminate and pistillate flowers in anffents. 
Leaves alternate. 

Fruits aggregated, fleshy . . . . 27. Moraceae. 

Fruit a drupe ....... 22. Myricaceae. 

Fruit a capsule, seeds comose ... 23. Salicaceae. 

Fruit a nut or samara 24. Betulaceae. 

Leaves opposite, parasitic shrubs ... 29. Loranthacese. 



KEY TO PHANEROGAMS. 



Flowers not in aments, both calyx and 
corolla wanting. 
Flowers monoecious, in globose heads, trees . 55. Platanacese. 
Flowers perfect, in slender spikes, herbs . . 20. Saururacea3„ 
Flowers not in aments ; calyx present, some- 
times petaloid. 
Trees or shrubs. 

Ovary inferior 90. Cornaceai. 

Ovary superior. 
Style single, entire, fruit a samara . . 99. Oleacese. 
Style single, entire, fruit a drupe. 
Anthers opening by valves .... 44. Lauracese. 
Anthers opening lengthwise . . . 85. Thymeleacese. 
Styles 2 or 2-cleft, fruit 1-celled ... 26. Ulmacese. 
Styles 2 or 2-cleft, fruit 2-celled . . . 73. Aceracese. 
Woody twining vines ; ovaries 3 . . . 42. Menispermacese. 

Herbs. 

Ovary inferior, 4-celled 87. Onagracese. 

Ovary inferior, 6-celled 30. Aristolochiacese. 

Ovary superior, 1-celled. 
Stipules none. 

Stamens numerous 40. Raniinculacea^. 

Stamens few ; flowers with scarious bracts 33. Amaranthacese. 
Stamens few ; flowers without bracts . 32. Chenopodiacese. 
Stipules sheathing the joints . ... 31. PolygonaceaB. 
Stipules not sheathing. 

Style single 28. Urticacese. 

Styles 2 27. Moracese. 

Ovary superior, 3-celled gg. Enphorbiacese. 

Ovary superior, 5-celled ; fruit a capsule . 51 Crassulacese. 
Ovary superior, 5-10-celled ; fruit a berry . . 34 Phytolaccacese. 

Polvpetalous DIVISION. Calyx and corolla both present, the petals not united 

A. Stamens more than 10. 

Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. 
Leafless, or nearly so ; stem fleshy . . . 84. Cactacese. 
Leaves alternate. 
Ovary one, simple. 

Fruit a drupe 58. Drupacese. 

Fruit a legume 59. Mimosacese. 



ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



Ovary one, compound; fruit dry. 
Ovary 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placenta? 
Ovary 5-celled, 1-2-seeded at maturity 
Ovary 5-celled, 3-10-seeded at maturity. 
Stamens monadelplious .... 

Stamens distinct 

Ovary one, compound ; fruit fleshy 
Ovaries numerous. 
Leaves stipulate. 
Stamens inserted on the receptacle 
Stamens inserted on the calyx 
Leaves not stipulate. 

Small trees 

Woody twining vines 
Leaves opposite ; fruit dry. 
Ovary single, 1-celled .... 
Ovary single, 3-5-celled .... 
Ovaries several, enclosed by the calyx tube 
Leaves opposite ; fruit fleshy, many-seeded 
Herbs. 
Ovary single, simple ; fruit a berry . 
Ovaries several, simple. 
Stamens inserted on the receptacle 
Stamens inserted on the calyx 
Ovary compound. 
Aquatic herbs, leaves flat 
Marsh herbs, leaves tubular . 
Terrestrial herbs. 
Ovary 1-celled. 
Placenta? central, juice watery 
Placenta? central, juice milky or colored 

Placenta? 2, parietal 

Placenta? 3-6, parietal. 

Leaves alternate 

Leaves opposite 

Ovary several-celled, stamens monadel- 
phous 



81. Cistaceae. 

77. Tiliaceae. 

79. Theaceae. 

86. Lythraceae. 

57. Pomaceae. 



38. Magnoliaceae. 
56. Rosaceae. 

39. Anonaceae. 

42. Menispermaceae. 

80. Hypericaceae. 

52. Saxifragaceae. 

43. Calycanthaceae. 
86. Lythracea3. 

41. Berberidaceae. 

40. Ranunculaceae. 
56. Rosaceae. 

37. Nymphaeaceae. 

49. Sarraeeniaceae. 



35. Portulacaceae. 

45. Papaveraceae. 

47. Capparidaceae. 

48. Resedaceae. 
80. Hypericaceae. 



78. Malvaceae. 



KEY TO PHANEROGAMS. 



B. Stamens not more than 10. 

Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. 
Fruit a drupe. 

Stamens 2, rarely 3-4 

Stamens as many as the petals. 

Flowers dioecious 

Flowers perfect. 
Stamens 4, alternate with the petals 
Stamens 5, alternate with the petals 
Stamens 4-5, opposite the petals 
Stamens twice as many as the petals . 
Fruit a berry. 
Stamens alternate with the petals. 
Inserted on the calyx, leaves simple . 
Inserted on the receptacle, leaves com- 
pound 

Stamens opposite the petals . 
Fruit a 1-seeded samara .... 
Fruit a 2-seeded capsule or samara. 

Leaves simple 

Leaves compound 

Fruit a 3-5-celled capsule, leaves simple . 
Fruit a 1-3-celled capsule, leaves compound 
Fruit a legume. 

Stamens distinct 

Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous 
Herbs. 
Ovary single, 1-celled, simple or compound. 
Corolla regular, or nearly so. 
Sepals and petals 4-5 ; stamens 5, distinct. 
Leaves alternate. 

Stigma single 

Stigmas 4 

Stigmas 6-10 

Leaves opposite, flowers yellow 
Leaves opposite, flowers white or red . 
Sepals and petals 4-5 ; stamens 5, united 

Sepals 2, petals 4-5 

Corolla irregular. 
Fruit a legume 



99. Oleaceae. 

42. Menispermaceee. 

90. Cornacese. 

69. Anacardiacese. 

75. Rhamnacese. 

66. Meliacese. 

53. Grossulariacese. 



88. Araliacese. 

76. Vitacese. 

65. Simambacese. 

54. Hamamelidacese. 

64. Rutacese. 

72. Celastraceae. 

74. Hippocastanacea3. 

60. CaBsalpinacese. 

61. Papilionacese. 



60. Csesalpinaceae. 
52. Saxifragacese. 
50. Droseracese. 
80. Hypericacese. 
36. Caryophyllacese. 
83. Passifloracese. 
35. Portulacacese. 

61. Papilionaceae. 



10 



ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



Fruit a capsule. 

Stamens 5 

Stamens 6, in 2 sets .... 
Ovary single, 2-5-celled, fruit dry. 
Ovary 2-celled. 
Flowers in umbels, stamens 5 
Flowers not in umbels, stamens 6 
Ovary a 4-celled capsule. 
Calyx adherent to the ovary 
Calyx enclosing the ovary, but not adher 

ent 

Ovary a 5 -celled capsule. 
Leaves simple. 
Parasitic, capsule many-seeded 
Terrestrial, capsule 5-10-seeded 
Leaves trifoliate .... 
Ovary single, 2-5-celled ; fruit a berry 
Ovaries 2, seeds comose 



82. Violaceae. 

45. Papaveraceae. 

89. UinbellifersB. 

46. Cruciferae. 

87. Onagraceae. 

86. Melastomaceae. 



Gamopetalous division 

less united. 
Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. 
Leaves alternate. 
Fruit dehiscent. 
Fruit a legume 
Fruit a 3-celled capsule 
Fruit a 5-celled capsule 
Fruit indehi scent, dry. 
Fruit drupe-like, 1 -seeded 
Fruit ovoid and winged or globose 

1-2-seeded 

Fruit 2-3-celled, 2-3-seeded . 

Fruit a drupe 

Fruit a berry. 
Ovary superior ; seeds few, large 
Ovary superior ; seeds many, small 
Ovary inferior . . . . 
Leaves opposite. 
Fruit a 2-celled, 2-seeded capsule . 
Fruit a 2-celled, many-seeded capsule. 
Seeds winged 



92. Monotropaceae. 

62. Geraniaceae. 

63. Oxalidaceae. 
88. Araliaceae. 

103. Asclepiadaceae. 

Calyx and corolla both present, the petals more or 



and 



61. Papilionaceas. 
91. Cletliraceae. 
93. Ericaceae. 

97. Symplocaceae. 



98. Styracaceae. 

70. Cyrillaceae. 

71. Ilicaceae. 



. 96. Ebenaceae. 

110. Solanaceae. 

94. Vacciniaceae. 

117. Rubiaceae. 

113. Bigncmiaceae. 



KEY TO PHANEROGAMS. 



11 



Seeds not winged ; shrubs .... 
Seeds not winged ; twining vines 

Fruit a 5-celled capsule 

Fruit a drupe or berry. 
Fruit 1-2-seeded ; stamens 2 
Fruit 1-4-seeded ; stamens 4 
Fruit 1-5-seeded ; stamens 5 
Herbs. 
Ovary superior, flowers regular. 
Ovary separating into 2 distinct follicles. 
Style single, stamens distinct 
Styles 2, stamens united .... 
Ovary 1-celled. 

Fruit a legume 

Fruit a capsule. 
Leaves alternate. 
Stamens opposite the lobes of the 

corolla 

Stamens alternate with the lobes of 

the corolla 

Leaves opposite 

Ovary 2-several-celled. 

Stamens 2 or 4 

Stamens 5, cells of the ovary 1-2-seeded. 
Fruit separating into 4 nutlets 

Fruit a capsule 

Stamens 5, cells of the ovary several- 
seeded. 

Stigma 1 

Stigmas 2 

Stigmas 3 

Ovary superior, flowers irregular. 
Ovary 1-celled. 

Fruit a legume 

Fruit a capsule 

Ovary 2-4-celled. 
Cells each 1-seeded. 
Ovary deeply 4-lobed .... 

Ovary not deeply lobed. 

Stamens 2 or 4 

Stamens 8 



118. Caprifoliacese. 

100. LoganiaceaB. 

93. Ericaceae. 

99. OleaceaB. 

108. VerbenaceaB. 

118. CaprifoliaceaB. 



102. ApocynaceaB. 

103. AsclepiadaceaB. 

59. Mimosacese. 



95. Primulacese. 



10G. Hy.drophyllacese. 

101. Gentianacese. 

116. Plantaginacese. 

107. BoraginaceaB. 

104. Convolvulacese. 



110. SolanaceaB. 
100. LoganiaceaB. 
105. PolemoniaceaB. 



01. PapilionaceaB. 
112. LentibulaceaB. 



109. LabiataB. 

108. VerbenaceaB. 
67. PolygalaceaB. 



12 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

Cells each 2-several-seeded. 
Fruit with a long curved beak . -114. Martyniacese. 
Fruit not prominently beaked. 
Corolla lobes imbricated in the bud . m. Scrophulariacese. 
Corolla lobes convolute in the bud . U5. Acaiitliacea3, 
Ovary inferior. 
Flowers in an involucrate head. 

Juice milky 122. Cichoriaceae. 

Juice watery or resinous . . . -123. Compositse. 
Flowers not in heads. 
Stamens 3. 

Leaves alternate 120. Cucurbitacese. 

Leaves opposite 119. Valerianaceaa. 

Stamens 4-5. 

Leaves alternate 121. Campaimlaceae. 

Leaves opposite or whorled . . . H7. Rubiacese. 



CLASS I. G.YMNOSPERMjE. 

Plants without a closed ovary, style, or stigma ; seeds pro- 
duced between dry or fleshy scales which are borne in small 
spikes or clusters, and which form a cone or berry ; cotyle- 
dons usually three or more. 

1. PINACEiE. PINE FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs ; wood of disk-bearing tissue, without ducts ; 
juice resinous ; leaves mostly evergreen, filiform, linear or 
scale-like ; flowers monoecious or dioecious, destitute of calyx 
and corolla ; staminate flowers each consisting of a catkin-like 
spike, the stamens several in a cluster, with scale-like bracts ; 
ovules solitary or several on the upper surface of a scale 
which usually has a small bract at its base, the scales matur- 
ing into a woody or papery cone or a fleshy berry. 

I. PINUS. 

Trees ; leaves of two kinds, the earlier thin, chaffy, and 
scale-like, the later from the axils of the earlier, 2-5 in a 
cluster, their bases enclosed in a persistent, scarious sheath, 
evergreen, needle-like, 1-15 in. long ; flowers monoecious ; 
staminate ones clustered at the base of shoots of the present 
season ; the stamen clusters arranged spirally, each in the 
axil of a scale-like bract ; filaments very short ; pistillate 
flowers on twigs of the previous season, in small clusters or 
sometimes solitary, consisting of deciduous bracts spirally 
arranged, and in the axil of each bract a scale bearing at its 
base on the upper surface two ovules ; scales becoming thick- 
ened and woody, forming a cone at maturity ; seeds winged. 

1. P. palustris Mill. Long-leaved Pine. A large tree ; bark 
thin-scaled, wood very resinous, old trees with only a few spreading 



14 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

branches near the top ; leaves in 3's, 10-15 in. long ; sheaths 1-1^ in. 
long, crowded near the ends of very scaly twigs ; stain mate aments 
2-3 in. long, bright purple, conspicuous ; cones terminal, oblong- 
conical, 6-10 in. long, diameter 2-3 in. before opening, 4-6 in. when 
fully opened ; scales much thickened at the apex and armed with a 
short recurved spine at the end. February-March. The most com- 
mon tree in the pine barrens ; wood hard, strong, and durable, espe- 
cially valuable for floors and inside work. 

2. P. Virginiana Mill. Scrub Pine. A small tree, usually 
20-30 ft. high, but sometimes much taller ; bark of the trunk rough, 
nearly black ; twigs smooth and glaucous ; leaves in 2's, 1-2 in. long, 
rigid, sheaths very short ; staminate aments dull yellowish purple, 
1 in. long ; cones solitary, short peduncled, often reflexed, oblong- 
conic, about 2 in. long ; scales thickened at the apex and armed 
with a slender straight or recurved prickle. April-May. On dry, 
sandy soil ; wood light, soft, weak, and of little value. 

3. P. T^eda L. Loblolly Pine, Oldfield Pine. A large 
tree ; bark very thick and deeply furrowed, becoming flaky with 
age ; twigs scaly ; leaves in 3's, 6-10 in. long, slender, very flexible ; 
sheaths f-1 in. long ; cones solitary, oblong-conical, 3-5 in. long ; 
scales thickened at the apex, the transverse ridge very prominent 
and armed with a short, stout, straight, or recurved spine. March- 
April. Common and often springing up in old fields ; trunk con- 
taining a large proportion of sap wood ; timber of little value for 
outside work. 

II. TAXODIUM. 

Trees ; leaves spreading so as to appear 2-ranked, decidu- 
ous ; flowers monoecious, appearing before the leaves ; stami- 
nate ones numerous, globose ; forming long, terminal, drooping, 
panicled spikes ; anthers 2-5-celled ; pistillate flowers single 
or in pairs, bractless, the peltate scales 2-ovuled ; cone globose; 
the very thick woody scales angular, separating at maturity ; 
seeds 3-angled, pyramidal. 

T. distichum (L.) Rich. Bald Cypress. A very large tree ; 
bark dark brown, rough, fibrous ; many of the twigs deciduous with 
the leaves ; leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, distichous, flat, 
linear, \- § in. long; cones terminal, globose, about 1 in. in diameter; 
ends of the scales much thickened, rugose and with a distinct tri- 
angular marking. February-March. Common in swamps and on 
the borders of streams ; wood reddish, soft, light ; specially valuable 
for shingles and fence posts, and for boat building. 



ANGIOSPERMiE. 15 



III. JUNIPERUS. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves subulate or scale-like, often both 
forms on the same tree, evergreen, sessile, opposite or verti- 
cillate ; flowers dioecious or sometimes monoecious ; staminate 
ones lateral or terminal, of few stamens, oblong or ovoid ; pis- 
tillate flowers of a few opposite or verticillate fleshy scales, 
each scale 1-2-ovuled ; cone globose, berry-like. 

J. Virginiana L. Red Cedar. A tree with spreading branches 
and dark brown fibrous bark ; leaves opposite or in 3's ; all of those 
on young trees and some of those on older trees subulate and spread- 
ing, the others scale-like and closely appressed ; aments terminal, 
berry-like ; cones light blue with a distinct bloom, about i in. in 
diameter, 1-2-seeded. March-April. A very common tree ; the 
heart wood reddish, light, strong, fragrant ; the principal wood used 
in the manufacture of lead-pencils. 



CLASS II. ANGIOSPERJVLE. 

Plants producing seeds in a closed ovary formed from one 
or more modified leaves ; cotyledons 1 or 2. 

SUBCLASS I. MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

Stems with the fibro-vascular bundles scattered irregularly 
through the parenchyma mass, not in rings, no distinction 
between bark, wood, and pith ; leaves usually parallel-veined, 
alternate and entire ; parts of the flower usually in 3's or 6's, 
never in 5's ; cotyledon single. 

2. TYPHACEJE. CAT-TAIL FAMILY. 

Perennial marsh or aquatic plants ; rootstock stout, creep- 
ing ; stem simple, terete, erect ; leaves simple, strap-shaped, 
sheathing at the base, nerved and striate ; flowers monoecious, 
in a single terminal spike, staminate part of the spike upper- 
most, each part subtended by spathe-like deciduous bracts ; 



16 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

perianth of fine bristles ; stanrinate flowers sessile ; stamens 
2-7 ; filaments connate, subtended by minute bracts ; pistil- 
late flowers short-pediceled ; ovary 1-2-celled ; styles 1-2 ; 
fruit small, nut like. 

TYPHA. 

' Characters of the family. 

T. latifolia L. Cat-tail. Stem erect, jointed below, 5-8 ft. 
high ; leaves nearly as long as the stem, about 1 in. wide, reticulated 
and glaucous ; spike cylindrical, dark brown or black ; staminate 
and pistillate portions usually without any interval between them, 
each 4-8 in. long and about 1 in. in diameter ; fruit furrowed. June- 
August. Common in marshes and shallow ponds. 

3. ALISMACEJE. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. 

Annual or perennial marsh herbs, usually with creeping 
runners or rootstocks ; stems scapose ; leaves long-petioled, 
sheathing at the base ; petiole rounded; blade nerved, reticu- 
lated, or sometimes wanting ; flowers in racemes or panicles, 
perfect, monoecious, or dioecious ; pedicels in bracted whorls ; 
sepals 3, persistent, petals 3 or wanting; stamens 6 or more, 
ovaries few or many, 1-celled, 1-seeded ; style short or none ; 
fruit a 1-seeded achene. 

I. ALISMA. 

Annual or perennial herbs, leaves erect or floating, blades 
prominently ribbed and reticulated, or even pinnately veined ; 
scapes erect, becoming longer than the leaves, terete, spongy ; 
flowers perfect, in paniculate 3-bracted umbels, small, white 
or pink ; stamens 6-9 ; ovaries numerous in one or more whorls 
on a flat receptacle ; fruit 1-seeded achenes which are ribbed 
on the back and sides. 

A. Plantago-aquatica L. Water Plantain. Perennial ; 
root fibrous ; leaves ovate or somewhat cordate, 5-7 -nerved when 
erect, floating leaves narrower and sometimes linear ; scapes usually 
single ; panicle 1-2 ft. long ; flowering branches whoiied, subtended 
by three narrow, striate bracts ; pedicels slender, elongated ; ovaries 



MONOCOTYLEDONS. 17 

15-20 in a single whorl; base of the short style persistent, forming 
a beak at the inner angle of the achene ; achenes obliquely obovate, 
2-3-keeled on the back. June-September. Common in ponds and 
muddy places. 

II. SAGITTARIA. 

Perennial; rootstocks mostly nodose or tuber-bearing; 
scapes erect or decumbent; leaves long-petioled, sheathing at 
the base, the blade nerved and reticulated or wanting ; flowers 
monoecious or dioecious, racemed in 3-bracted whorls of 3's, 
the upper flowers usually staminate ; sepals 3, persistent ; 
petals 3, withering-persistent or deciduous ; stamens few or 
many ; ovaries in globose heads, 1-ovuled ; style short, per- 
sistent ; fruit a subglobose head of flattened achenes. 

1. S. latifolia Willd. Broad-leaved Arrowhead. Leaves 
very variable in size and shape, from broadly sagittate to linear; 
those growing on the drier soil being usually the broader ; petioles 
6-30 in. long, scape smooth or slightly pubescent, 6-36 in. high; 
bracts acute ; flowers monoecious or sometimes dioecious, white, 1 in. 
or more in width ; pedicels of the staminate flowers twice the length 
of those of the fertile flowers ; filaments long, smooth, and slender ; 
achenes compressed, obovate, winged ; beak nearly horizontal. June- 
September. Ditches and muddy places. 

2. S. graminea Michx. Grass-leaved Sagittaria. Leaves 
long-petioled, lanceolate, or elliptical, and acute at each end, 3-5- 
nerved, or often linear, the earlier often reduced to phyllodia ; scape 
slender, usually longer than the leaves, simple, weak, often prostrate 
in fruit ; bracts small, ovate, connate at the base ; flowers monoecious 
or dioecious, on long, filiform pedicels, about J in. wide ; stamens 
10-20, filaments pubescent, achenes obovate, wing-keeled, nearly 
beakless. May-October. In ditches and shallow pools. 



4. GRAMINEJE. GRASS FAMILY. 

Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes slender trees ; stems 
rounded, often grooved on one side, usually hollow, closed 
and enlarged at the nodes ; leaves 2-ranked, with sheathing 
bases which are usually split on the side opposite the blade 
but are sometimes entire, the orifice of the sheath usually 
crowned with a scarious ring called a ligule ; inflorescence in 



18 



ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



spikes, racemes, or panicles ; flowers in spikelets consisting 
of 2-ranked imbricated scales or glumes, the two lower usually 
empty, the others subtending the flower which is enclosed in 
a scale-like palet ; the upper flower in the spikelet often 
staminate or only an empty palet, or even an abortive pedicel ; 
flowers perfect or monoecious, rarely dioecious ; stamens 1-6, 
usually 3 ; ovule 1 ; styles 1-3, 
usually 2 ; seed a caryopsis or 
grain. 

A large family, of which there 
are more than 800 species in the 
United States, including corn, 
wheat, rye, oats, rice, sorghum, 
sugar cane, and many other culti- 




Fig. 210. — Diagram of Inflo- 
rescence of a Grass. 

g, sterile glumes ; P lf a flower- 
ing glume ; P 2 , a scaly bract 
(palet); e, transparent scales 
(lodicules) at the base of the 
flower ; B, the flower. 




a Mr it 

Fig. 211. — Fescue-Grass (Festuca 
pratensis). 
A, spikelet (compare Fig. 210) ; B, a 
flower, the lodicules in front and the 
palea behind ; C, a lodicule ; D, ovary. 



vated sorts. The cane, Arundinaria macrosperma, is the only 
tree-like species found in this country. 

[The identification of the species is too difficult for the beginner, bnt 
the structure of the spikelets and the separate flowers may be learned by 
a study of Figs. 210, 211.] 



MONOCOTYLEDONS. 



19 



5. CYPERACEjE. SEDGE FAMILY. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; grass-like or rush-like ; stems 
mostly 3-angled, solid, leaves 3-ranked, grass-like, with closed 
sheaths ; flowers in spikes or spikelets, perfect or imperfect, 




Fig. 212. — Inflorescence, Flower and Seed of a Sedge. 
(Great Bulrush, Scirpus lacustrls.) 
1, magnified flower, surrounded by a perianth of hypogynous bristles ; 2, the 
seed ; 3, section of the seed, showing the small embryo enclosed in the 
base of the albumen. 

each in the axil of a scale-like bract ; perianth often a row of 
minute scales or bristles ; stamens usually 3 ; ovary 1-celled, 
style 2-3-cleft or rarely simple ; fruit a flattened or 3-angled 
achene. 



20 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

A large family, mostly growing in tufts in wet places, few 
species being of any value. Fig. 212 shows a common form 
of inflorescence, and an achene with its perianth of bristles. 

6. SABALACEiE. PALM FAMILY. 

Trees or plants with woody creeping stems or nearly acau- 
lescent, leaves petioled, pinnate or palmate, plaited in the bud, 
flowers perfect or polygamous, on a spadix which is often 
branching or paniculate ; sepals and petals 3, more or less 
united, persistent ; stamens usually 6 ; ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled ; 
styles 3, distinct or united, stigma entire, fruit a drupe or 
berry. 

I. SABAL. 

Stem short, erect, or decumbent, usually simple ; leaves 
long-petioled, nearly orbicular in outline, deeply parted, the 
divisions 2-cleft at the apex and often with thread-like fila- 
ments in the sinuses ; sheaths of the leaves usually of dry 
interlaced fibers ; spadix long and branching, with sheathing 
spathes at the joints ; flowers perfect, sessile, each in the 
axil of a small bract ; perianth cup-shaped ; petals distinct ; 
stamens 6, filaments distinct ; styles 3, united, 3-angled ; 
stigma capitate, fruit a drupe. 

S. Andersonii Guerns. Dwarf Palmetto. Stem short, mostly 
buried in the earth ; leaves orbicular, glaucous, divisions slightly 
cleft at the apex, filaments few ; petiole usually shorter than the leaf, 
crescent-shaped in cross-section, edges smooth ; spadix erect, slender, 
taller than the leaves, 4-6 ft. high, paniculately much branched ; 
drupe black, globose, i in. in diameter. June- July. Low grounds, 
Central Louisiana to North Carolina and southward. 

II. SERENOA. 

Stems creeping, widely branched ; leaves orbicular, long- 
petioled, at the apex of the branches, divisions slightly cleft 
at the apex, thread-like filaments none ; spadix short, flowers 
perfect, sessile, bracted ; petals slightly united ; stamens 6, 
distinct ; style slender ; fruit a drupe. 



MONOCOTYLEDONS. 21 

S. serrulata B. & H. Saw Palmetto. Stems creeping widely, 
often covering spaces 20 ft. in diameter ; leaves bright green ; petiole 
plano-convex in cross-section, toothed on the edges ; spadix much 
shorter than the leaves, densely tomentose ; style slender ; drupe 
ovoid or oblong, black, |-J in. long. May-July. On sandy soil 
near the coast. 

III. RAPHIDOPHYLLA. 

Stem short, thick, erect ; leaves long-petioled, fan-shaped, 
deeply palmately divided, without filaments in the sinuses ; 
sheath persistent, soon dry and net-like, with numerous strong, 
erect, black spines ; spadix branched, densely flowered; spathes 
2-4-leaved ; flowers yellowish, bracted ; calyx 3-cleft ; petals 
distinct ; stamens 6-9, united at the base ; ovaries 3, more or 
less united ; drupes 1-3, 1-seeded. 

R. hystrix W. & D. Blue Palmetto. Stem short, erect, often 
proliferous; leaves triangular, fan-shaped to orbicular, very deeply 
cleft, the divisions 2-4-toothed, blue-glaucous ; petioles mostly longer 
than the leaves, triangular in cross-section, rough-edged above ; spadix 
small, short-peduncled, widely branched, 6-12 in. long ; spathes 
woolly, partial spathes none ; fruit an ovoid drupe, i-f in. long. 
June-July. Low, shady woods. Central Mississippi to South Caro- 
lina and southward. 

7. ARACEJE. ARUM FAMILY. 

Perennial herbs, mostly acaulescent, growing from a corm 
or a creeping rootstock; juice acrid; leaves simple or com- 
pound, usually long-petioled and netted-veined, but sometimes 
strap-shaped and parallel- veined ; flowers on a spadix, gener- 
ally enclosed in a spathe, usually the staminate above and 
the pistillate below, but in some species perfect or dioecious ; 
calyx and corolla wanting or the former of 4-6 small scales ; 
stamens 4-10, short ; ovary 1-several-celled, 1-several ovules 
in each cell ; stigma sessile ; fruit indehiscent, a berry or 
utricle. 

I. ARISJEMA. 

Corms very acrid, black; leaves usually 1-3, palmately 
divided ; petioles long and sheathing the scape which bears 



22 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

the spadix at its summit ; spathe convolute below, usually 
dilated and arched above, withering persistent ; spadix bear- 
ing the monoecious or dioecious flowers at its base, the apex 
sterile and naked ; perianth none ; stamens 4 in a whorl, 
nearly sessile ; ovaries 1 -celled, 1-6-ovuled ; stigma sessile ; 
fruit a 1-few-seeded red berry. 

1. A. triphyllum (L.) Torr. Indian Turnip. Leaves 2, tri- 
foliate, leaflets sessile, oval or ovate, acuminate, entire, netted- 
veined ; petioles and scape 1-1^ ft. high ; flowers monoecious or 
dioecious ; spathe dilated above, arched over the top of the spadix, 
green with purple stripes on the inside ; spadix club-shaped, florif- 
erous below ; stamens very short ; ovaries crowded, ovules 4-6 ; fruit 
bright scarlet, forming an ovoid head about 1 in. long. March- 
April. In rich woods. 

2. A. Dracontium (L.) Schott. Dragon Root. Conns several ; 
leaf usually solitary, petiole 1-3 ft. high, enclosed by membranous 
sheaths, leaf pedately divided into 7-15 segments which are nearly 
or quite sessile, oblong or oblanceolate, usually acute at the apex, 
entire or the lower ones lobed ; scape sheathed at the base, usually 
shorter than the petiole ; spathe light green, convolute, acuminate, 
1-2 in. long ; spadix slender, tapering to a slender point, 4-7 in. 
long, flower-bearing only in the part enclosed by the spathe ; fruit 
reddish orange, 1-3-seeded, in a large ovoid head. March- April. In 
rich woods. 

II. PELTANDRA. . 

Perennial marsh herbs with creeping rootstocks ; leaves 
sagittate, acute, entire, the base of the petioles sheathing the 
rootstock ; scape shorter than the petiole ; spathe elongated, 
thick and fleshy ; flowers monoecious, covering the entire 
spadix, staminate flowers above ; perianth none ; stamens 
5-10, imbedded in a peltate, shield-like connective which 
finally shrivels so as to leave the anthers free ; ovaries im- 
bedded in the spadix, surrounded by a few abortive stamens ; 
ovules 1 or few ; style short ; stigma capitate ; fruit 1-3-seeded, 
green or red berries forming a globose head partially enclosed 
by the base of the spathe ; seeds enclosed in a gelatinous 
coating. 

P. Virginica (L.) Kunth. Green Arrow-arum. Leaves sev- 
eral, sometimes 2 ft. long, prominently and finely veined with 2-3 
intra-marginal nerves ; scape nearly as long as the petiole, recurved 



MONOCOTYLEDONS. 23 

in fruit ; spathe green, lanceolate, convolute its entire length, longer 
than the spadix, the upper part withering ; berries green, 1-seeded. 
April-May. In marshes and wet woods. 

III. ORONTIUM. 

Perennial aquatic herbs, with stout rootstocks buried in 
the mud ; leaves petioled, oval, entire, nerved ; spathe enclos- 
ing the spadix only in the bud, soon deciduous ; flowers per- 
fect, yellow, covering the entire spadix ; sepals 4-6, scale-like ; 
stamens 4-6 ; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, stigma sessile ; fruit 
a green utricle. 

O. aquaticum L. Golden Club. Leaves ascending or floating, 
very dark green and velvety-looking above, paler beneath, petioles 
stout, 6-18 in. long ; scape stout, thickened above, curved, about as 
long as the petiole ; flowers bright yellow ; utricle depressed-globose, 
tuberculate above. March- April. In slow-flowing streams and 
shallow ponds. 

8. BROMELIACEiE. PINE-APPLE FAMILY. 

Herbs, mostly epiphytic or partly parasitic ; whole plant 
scurfy ; stem rigid or flexuous ; leaves very slender, often 
rigid ; flowers perfect, regular, spiked, panicled or solitary, 
bracted ; sepals 3, distinct or united ; petals 3, distinct or 
united ; stamens 6 ; ovary superior or inferior, 3-celled, . pla- 
centae central, style 1, stigmas 3 ; fruit fleshy or a 3-celled, 
3-valved, many-seeded capsule. 

TILLANDSIA. 

Epiphytic or partly parasitic herbs ; stem rigid and erect 
or filiform and pendulous ; leaves slender, often filiform ; 
sepals rigid ; petals spreading above, claw long ; stamens fili- 
form, hypogynous ; ovary free, style slender ; fruit a 3-valved, 
many-seeded capsule. 

T. usneoides L. Spanish Moss. Perennial, epiphytic or partly 
parasitic ; stem filiform, branching, gray-scurfy, with a black core 
like horsehair, 2-10 ft. long ; leaves filiform, alternate in small fas- 



24 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

cicles, sheathing at the base ; flowers axillary with conspicuous 
bracts ; sepals distinct or nearly so, green ; petals distinct, linear, 
recurved, greenish-yellow ; capsule linear, about 1 in. long, splitting 
into 3 valves ; seeds on a long funiculus which at maturity splits in a 
coma-like tuft. June-September. On living trees, more common 
southward. The hair-like core of the stem often used as a substitute 
for curled hair in making mattresses, cushions, etc. 

9. COMMELINACEiE. SPIDERWORT FAMILY. 

Annual or perennial herbs, with viscid or mucilaginous 
juice ; stems somewhat succulent, jointed, leafy, simple or 
branched ; leaves simple, succulent, narrow, entire, sheathing 
at the base, sheaths entire or split ; flowers in terminal cymes 
or umbels, perfect, often irregular ; sepals 3, persistent, foli- 
aceous or colored ; petals 3, fugacious or deliquescent ; stamens 
6 or fewer, often some of them abortive ; ovary free, 2-3-celled, 
style single, stigma entire or 3-lobed ; fruit a 2-3-celled, 2-3- 
valved capsule ; seeds solitary or several in each cell. 

I. COMMELINA. 

Annual or perennial ; stem branching, erect or procumbent, 
smooth or pubescent; leaves petioled or sessile, entire, the 
floral ones cordate, folded and forming a spathe enclosing 
the base of the cyme ; flowers irregular ; sepals mostly colored, 
1 of them smaller ; petals blue, unequal, 2 of them reni- 
form and long-clawed, the other smaller ; stamens 6, only 3 of 
them fertile, filaments smooth ; capsule 1-3-celled ; seeds 1-2 
in each cell. 

1. C. hirtella Vahl. Bearded Dayflower. Stem stout, 
erect, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, rough- 
hairy above, sheaths f— 1 in. long, fringed with brown hairs ; spathes 
numerous, sessile or short-stalked ; petals nearly alike, the odd one 
smaller ; capsule 5-seeded ; seeds brown, smooth. August-September. 
In moist and shaded soil. 

2. C. Virginica L. Virginia Dayflower. Stem erect, pubes- 
cent, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
3-5 in. long, somewhat rough above, sheaths inflated, hairy, the 
orifice often fringed ; spathes containing a viscid secretion ; flowers 



MONOCOTYLEDONS. 25 

1 in. wide, the odd petal lanceolate ; capsule 3-seeded, the dorsal cell 
indehiscent. May-September. On moist sandy soil. 

II. TRADESCANTIA. 

Perennial ; stem simple or branched ; leaves very narrow ; 
flowers in terminal and axillary bracted nmbels, regular, 1 in. 
broad ; sepals 3, herbaceous ; petals 3, fugacious or deliques- 
cent ; stamens 6, sometimes 3 shorter than the others, fila- 
ments bearded or smooth; ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in 
each cell ; pedicels recurved in fruit ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, 
3-6-seeded. 

1. T. Virginica L. Spiderwort. Stem erect, stout, smooth 
or villous, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves linear, keeled, often purple-veined, 
long-acuminate, 1 ft. or more in length ; bracts similar to the leaves, 
umbels sessile, 2-many-flowered, flowers in 2 rows in the bud ; petals 
blue or purple, twice as long as the sepals ; stamens blue, filaments 
densely bearded ; capsule ovoid or oblong. March- June. On dry 
sandy soil. 

2. T. pilosa Lehm. Hairy Spiderwort. Stem stout, erect or 
flexuous, branched, villous or nearly smooth, 1-2 ft. high ; . leaves 
linear-oblong, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, pubes- 
cent on both sides ; umbels axillary and terminal, many-flowered ; 
pedicels and sepals villous with glandular hairs ; flowers blue or 
purple, J-l in. wide ; seeds pitted. May-July. In rich soil. 

10. PONTEDERIACEiE. PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY. 

Perennial marsh or aquatic herbs ; stems simple or branched, 
succulent ; leaves simple, alternate ; flowers solitary or spiked, 
each subtended by a leaf-like spathe, perfect, mostly irregu- 
lar, perianth corolla-like, 6-parted ; stamens 3 or 6, unequal, 
inserted irregularly in the tube or throat of the perianth ; 
ovary free, style single, stigma entire or toothed ; ovary 1- or 
3-celled ; fruit a 1-seeded utricle. 

PONTEDERIA. 

Stem erect, from a thick creeping rhizome, bearing a single 
leaf above the middle and several sheathing bract-like leaves 



26 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

at its base, radical leaves numerous, thick, parallel-veined ; 
petiole long, from a sheathing base ; flowers in terminal 
spikes, perianth 2-lipped, lobes of the upper lip ovate, of 
the lower, oblong, spreading; stamens 6, the three upper short 
and often imperfect, the three lower exserted ; ovary 3-celled, 
but only 1 cell ovule-bearing ; the 1-seeded utricle enclosed 
by the base of the perianth. 

P. cordata L. Pickerel-weed. Stem stout, erect, 2-4 ft. high; 
leaves long, from cordate to lanceolate and often hastate, apex and 
basal lobes obtuse, finely nerved ; spike dense, 2-4 in. long, peduncles 
enclosed by the spathe ; perianth hairy, blue, the upper lip with two 
yellow spots, tube 6-ribbed, curved, rather longer than the lobes ; 
ovary oblong. June-September. In ponds and slow streams. 

11. JUNCACEJE. KUSH FAMILY. 

Grass-like perennial or annual herbs, mostly growing on 
wet soil ; stems mostly erect but sometimes creeping, simple 
or branched, naked or leafy and jointed ; leaves terete, sheath- 
ing at the base, very slender and pointed or flattened and 
grass-like ; flowers in cymes or panicles which may be very 
loose and spreading, or so compact as to form a head, some- 
times with a rigid scape prolonged beyond the flower cluster ; 
flowers usually bracted, perianth of 6 nearly equal scale-like 
persistent divisions ; stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the base of 
the perianth ; ovary free, 1- or 3-celled, many-ovuled, style 
single, stigmas 3, usually hairy ; fruit a 1- or 3-celled, 3-many- 
seeded capsule. 

[Most species flower late in the season, and their identification is too 
difficult for one without considerable experience.] 

12. MELANTHACEJE. COLCHICUM FAMILY. 

Perennial herbs, usually from a stout rootstock ; stem simple 
or branched, leafy ; leaves parallel-veined, often with trans- 
verse veins, broad or narrow and grass-like ; flowers solitary, 



MONOCOTYLEDONS. 27 

racemose, or panicled, regular, perfect, polygamous, or dioe- 
cious, perianth of 6 similar and usually distinct segments; 
stamens 6, rarely 9-12, inserted on the base of the perianth ; 
ovary free or nearly so, 3-celled, many-ovuled, styles 3, dis- 
tinct or partly united ; fruit a capsule, seeds usually winged 
or tailed. 

I. CHAMJELIRIUM. 

Rootstock short and thick, bitter ; stem simple, erect, leafy, 
glabrous ; lower leaves spatulate to obovate, the stem leaves 
narrower ; flowers small, white, in a spike-like raceme, dioe- 
cious, perianth of 6 linear-spatulate segments ; stamens 6, fila- 
ments longer than the perianth ; ovary 3-celled, styles 3 ; fruit 
an ovoid, 3-angled, many-seeded capsule. 

C. luteum (L.) Gray. Unicorn-root. Stem furrowed, stami- 
nate plants 1-2 ft. high, pistillate taller, often 3 ft. or more ; lower 
leaves obovate, clustered, the upper small and bract-like ; staminate 
racemes slender and drooping, the pistillate erect ; flowers short pedi- 
celed ; capsule 3-valved, seeds linear-oblong, winged at the ends.. 
May- June. On low ground. 

II. CHROSPERMA. 

Stem simple, glabrous, erect from a bulbous base ; leaves 
long and slender ; flowers white, in a simple terminal raceme, 
perfect, perianth of 6 segments which are sessile and gland- 
less ; stamens 6, inserted in the base of the perianth ; ovary 
3-lobed, 3-celled ; fruit a dehiscent 3-lobed capsule, the lobes 
becoming subulate by the persistent style bases ; cells few- 
seeded. 

C. musc.etoxicum (Walt.) Kuntze. Fly Poison. Bulb ovoid 
or oblong ; stem somewhat angled below, 1 -3 ft. high ; lower leaves 
strap-shaped, channeled, the upper small and bract-like ; raceme 
dense, cylindrical ; pedicels from the axils of minute ovate bracts, 
perianth segments ovate, white, becoming greenish, nearly as long as 
the slender stamens ; styles spreading ; capsule with divergent lobes ; 
seeds ovoid, red. May-June. In rich woods. 



28 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



III. UVULARIA. 

Stem slender, branching, erect from a slender, creeping 
rootstock ; leaves alternate, sessile, or perfoliate ; flowers 
terminal, usually solitary, peduncled, drooping, perianth bell- 
shaped or funnelform, segments 6, distinct, with nectar-bear- 
ing glands at the base within, deciduous ; stamens 6, short ; 
ovary 3-lobed, 3-celled, style deeply 3-parted, stigmas spread- 
ing; fruit a 3-angled or 3-winged, dehiscent capsule, seeds 
1-3 in each cell. 

1. U. PERFOLIATA L. PERFOLIATE BELLWORT. Stem gla- 

brous, pale green, forked or branched above the middle, 10-20 in. 
high ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute at the apex, perfoliate at the 
base, entire, glaucous beneath, the sides revolute when young ; flowers 
pale yellow, about 1 in. long, segments lanceolate, granular-roughened 
within ; stamens about the length of the style ; capsule obovoid, trun- 
cate, the angles grooved. April-May. In moist woods. 

2. U. grandiflora Smith. Large-flowered Bellwort. 
Stem slender, nearly leafless below the fork, glabrous, 12-24 in. high ; 
leaves ovate or oblong, acute at the apex, perfoliate at the base, 
entire, smooth above, pubescent below ; flowers bright yellow, 1 \ in. 
long, segments linear-lanceolate, smooth within ; stamens longer than 
the styles ; capsule obovate, truncate, obtusely angled. April-May. 
In rich woods. More common northward. 

3. U. sessilifolia L. Sessile-leaved Bellwort. Stem 
slender, erect, glabrous, few-leaved below the fork, 6-12 in. high ; 
leaves lanceolate-oblong, thin, acute at each end, margins rough, 
smooth on both sides, sessile ; flowers greenish-yellow, f in. long, 
perianth segments lanceolate, obtuse, smooth within ; stamens shorter 
than the style ; capsule stalked, wing-angled. April-May. In rich 
woods. 

13. LILIACEiE. LILY FAMILY. 

Herbs, or woody plants, the herbaceous species mostly from 
bulbs or conns ; leaves sessile or sheathing, parallel-nerved, 
but often with netted veins ; flowers clustered or solitary, per- 
fect, regular ; perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, rarely 4-parted, 
the segments distinct or partially united into a tube ; stamens 
6, hypogynous or perigynous ; ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled, 



MONOCOTYLEDONS. 29 

style 1, stigmas 3, distinct or united ; fruit a capsule or berry, 
few-many-seeded. 

Plants from fibrous roots. 
Stem herbaceous. 
Flowers in corymbs or panicles . . I. Hemerocallis. 

Flowers in spikes . . . . • VII. Aletris. 

Stem woody VIII. Yucca. 

Plants from corms . . . . . V. Erythronium. 

Plants from bulbs. 
Bulbs coated. 

Flowers in umbels II. Allium. 

Flowers in corymbs .... VI. Ornithogalum. 

Bulbs scaly. 

Flowers solitary or in corymbs . . IV. Lilium. 

Flowers in spikes III. Hyacinthus. 

I. HEMEROCALLIS. 

Perennial, from a fascicle of fleshy roots ; stem erect, 
branched, glabrous ; leaves mostly basal and linear ; flowers 
on branching scapes, large, yellow or orange, solitary or 
corymbed, perianth funnelform with a spreading limb much 
longer than the tube ; stamens 6, inserted in the top of the 
tube, shorter than the lobes, curved upward ; ovary 3-celled, 
many-ovuled, style longer than the stamens, curved upward, 
stigma capitate ; fruit a 3-celled, 3-angled capsule. 

H. fulva L. Day Lily. Scapes stout, branched above, with 
a few bract-like leaves, smooth, 3-5 ft. high ; leaves very long, 
strap-shaped, acute, channeled ; flowers short-pediceled, tawny-yellow, 
perianth lobes oblong, netted-veined, flowers lasting only one day. 
May-June. Introduced from Asia and common in old gardens. 

II. ALLIUM. 

Acaulescent herbs from coated bulbous roots with the 
characteristic odor of onions ; bulbs solitary or clustered ; 
leaves narrowly linear or slender-tubular, glaucous ; flowers 
in terminal umbels on naked scapes, the umbels often bracted 
or enclosed in a spathe, flowers small on slender pedicels, 
perianth 6-parted, persistent ; stamens 6, inserted on the base 



30 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

of the perianth, filaments filiforrn or dilated below; ovary 
sessile, 3-celled, style filiform, jointed, stigma entire; fruit 
a 3-celled, 3-valved, few-seeded capsule. Flowers sometimes 
changed into bulblets. 

1. A. Canadense L. Meadow Garlic. Bulbs ovoid, the outer 
coats of white and scarious reticulating fibers ; leaves narrowly 
linear, flat, or concave above ; scape terete, 1 ft. high ; ^bracts of the 
umbel 2-3, ovate, acuminate ; umbel consisting mostly of sessile 
bulblets ; the few flowers long-pediceled, rose-colored ; perianth about 
as long as the stamens, filaments dilated below ; capsule shorter than 
the perianth, 6-toothed, seeds 2 in each cell. May-June. On moist 
soil. 

2. A. mutabile Michx. Wild Onion. Bulbs ovoid, solitary, 
or clustered, outer coat a network of slender fibers ; leaves very nar- 
row, concave ; scape erect, longer than the leaves, 1 ft. high ; umbel 
erect, many-flowered, bulblets few, bracts 3 ; perianth white or rose- 
colored, the segments acute, as long as the stamens ; capsule shorter 
than the perianth, not toothed, seeds 2 in each cell. March-June. 
In dry, sandy soil. 

3. A. striatum Jacq. Striped Wild Onion. Bulbs clustered, 
outer coat membranaceous ; leaves linear, concave, striate on the hack ; 
scape 6-12 in. high; umbel 3-10-flowered, bracts 2, pedicels 1-2 in. 
long ; perianth nearly white, longer than the stamens, the outer seg- 
ments green-keeled on the back ; capsule not toothed, seeds several 
in each cell. March-April. Low pine barrens. 

III. HYACINTHUS. 

Acaulescent herbs from coated bulbs ; leaves linear, fleshy ; 
flowers in an erect spike, pediceled, bracted, perianth tubular 
below, lobed and spreading above ; stamens short, included ; 
style short, stigma capitate, ovary 3-celled, many-ovnled. 

H. orientalis L. Hyacinth. Leaves lance-linear, thick and 
fleshy, smooth ; scape erect, many-flowered ; segments united about 
half their length, white, blue, or red ; filaments very short ; ovary 
rarely maturing seed. January-March. Common in cultivation. 

IV. LILIUM. 

Perennial from scaly bulbs ; stem erect, leafy, usually tall 
and slender ; leaves sessile, scattered or whorled ; flowers 



MONOCOTYLEDONS. 31 

large, erect, or drooping, perianth corolla-like, deciduous, seg- 
ments 6, spreading or recurved above, sessile or clawed, each 
with a nectariferous groove near the base; stamens 6, elon- 
gated, anthers linear, versatile ; ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled, 
style long and slender, stigma 3-lobed ; fruit a 3-celled, dehis- 
cent, many-seeded capsule. 

1. L. Catesb.ei Walt. Southern Red Lily. Bulbs small, scales 
narrow, leaf-bearing ; stem slender, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves scattered, 
linear, or linear-lanceolate, obscurely nerved, 1-2 in. long ; flowers 
solitary, terminal, scarlet with yellow and purple markings, segments 
lanceolate, acute, spreading, wavy-margined, long-clawed, the margins 
of the claws involute ; capsule oblong, nearly terete. July- August. 
Low pine barrens. 

2. L. Carolinianum Michx. Carolina Lily. Bulbs globose, 
on short rootstocks, scales fleshy ; stem slender, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves 
scattered or sometimes whorled, oval, or oblanceolate,- acute or obtuse 
at the apex, narrowed below, faintly 3-nerved ; flowers 1-3, nodding 
on long peduncles, perianth segments orange-red and purple-spotted, 
lanceolate, acute, the edges involute, strongly recurved ; capsule 
obovoid. June-July. In dry woods. 

3. L. tigrinum Andr. Tiger Lily. Bulb solitary, large, scales 
lanceolate, fleshy ; stem erect, stout, often purple or black, smooth 
below, pubescent above, 2-5 ft. high ; leaves very numerous, alter- 
nate, smooth, or slightly pubescent, 5-nerved, often with black or 
purplish bulblets in the axils ; flowers numerous, orange-red with 
black or purple spots, nodding, segments lanceolate, pubescent, 
strongly recurved. May- August. Introduced from China and com- 
mon in gardens. 

V. ERYTHRONIUM. 

Low herbs, from scaly corms ; stem simple, bearing 2 un- 
equal leaves below the middle ; flowers solitary, white or 
yellow, nodding, bractless, perianth segments 6, distinct, lan- 
ceolate, or oblong, spreading, with a nectariferous groove, 
deciduous ; stamens 6, slender, shorter than the perianth ; 
ovary sessile, 3-celled, many-ovuled, style slender, thickened 
above, 3-lobed ; fruit a 3-angled capsule. 

E. Americaxum Ker. Yellow Dog-tooth Violet. Corm 
deep in the ground, thus making the leaves often appear radical ; 
leaves elliptical or oblanceolate, thick, acute at each end, entire, 
smooth, usually mottled with light and dark green, and purple ; 



32 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

peduncle about as long as the leaves ; flowers 1 in. long, yellow, 
sometimes spotted with purple, the 3 inner perianth segments 2- 
toothed at the base ; style club-shaped, capsule obovate, seeds ovoid, 
with a membranous appendage at the apex. February-March. In 
rich woods. 

VI. ORNITHOGALUM. 

Acaulescent herbs from coated bulbs ; leaves linear, fleshy ; 
scape erect ; flowers in corymbs or racemes, bracted ; perianth 
segments 6, white, nerved, persistent ; stamens 6, hypogynous, 
slender, filaments flattened ; ovary sessile, 3-celled, f e w-ovuled, 
fruit a roundish, 3-angled capsule, seeds black. 

0. umbellatum L. Star of Bethlehem. Bulb ovoid, mem- 
branous-coated ; leaves numerous, linear, fleshy, as long as the 
scape, mid- vein nearly white ; scape slender, 6-12 in. high ; flowers 
opening in sunshine, long-pediceled ; bracts linear-lanceolate, about 
as long as the pedicels ; perianth segments oblong-lanceolate, white 
with a green stripe on the back, twice the length of the stamens. 
April-June. Introduced from Europe ; very common about old 
gardens. 

VII. ALETRIS. 

Perennial from fibrous and bitter roots ; stems erect and 
scape-like ; basal leaves in a rosulate cluster, lanceolate ; stem 
leaves small and bract-like ; flowers in a terminal, bracted 
spike ; perianth oblong or tubular, rough and viscid without, 
smooth within, 6-parted, the tube adherent to the ovary ; 
stamens 6, short, included, inserted at the top of the tube ; 
ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled, style subulate, persistent, stig- 
mas 3, fruit an ovoid, 3-celled, many-seeded capsule, seeds 
ovate, ribbed. 

1. A. farlnosa L. Colic-root. Basal leaves numerous, lanceo- 
late or elliptical, acuminate at the apex, sessile, pale yellowish-green ; 
stem scape-like, furrowed Or striate, 2-3 ft. high; spike rigid, 4-12 
in. long, flowers pediceled, bracted, perianth cylindrical, white, or 
the spreading lobes yellowish ; style slender, 3-cleft, capsule ovoid, 
longer than the perianth. May-June. On damp pine barrens. 

2. A. aurea Walt. Yellow Colic-root. Basal leaves numer- 
ous, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, narrowed into a short petiole ; stem 
nearly smooth, 2-3 ft. high ; raceme 1-2 ft. long, slender ; flowers 



MONOCOTYLEDON S . 33 

scattered, pedicels very short, perianth yellow, globose-ovate, with 
broad obtuse lobes ; style short, obscurely 3-cleft, capsule ovate, about 
as long as the perianth. May-June. Low, sandy soil. 

VIII. YUCCA. 

Plants with woody and leafy stems, leaves numerous, rigid, 
spine-pointed, persistent ; flowers in large terminal racemes 
or panicles, bracted, nodding ; perianth, campanulate or bell- 
shaped, segments 6, nearly alike, deciduous ; stamens 6, fila- 
ments thickened above, often papillose, anthers small ; ovary 
sessile, 3-celled, or becoming 6-cellecl, 3-angled, many-ovuled, 
fruit an oblong, 3-angled, many-seeded, dehiscent capsule, or 
fleshy and indehiscent. 

1. Y. aloifolia L. Aloe-leaved Yucca. Stem erect, 3-6 in. 
in diameter, branched, rough with the transverse leaf-scars, 4-8 ft. 
high ; leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate, strongly spine-pointed, rough on 
the margin, the older leaves reflexed ; panicle short, smooth, densely 
flowered, 12-18 in. long ; perianth white, sometimes tinged with 
purple ; capsule pulpy, 6-angied, indehiscent. May-June. On sandy 
soil, more common near the coast. 

2. Y. filamentosa L. Spanish Dagger. Stem stout, 4-12 in. 
high ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, slender-pointed, narrowed 
above the spreading and clasping base, spreading or recurved, smooth, 
with loose, thread-like filaments on the margins ; panicle elongated, 
with bract-like leaves on the scape, widely branched, pubescent above, 
3-6 ft. high ; perianth white, bell-shaped, 2 in. wide ; capsule oblong, 
angles rounded, sides furrowed, at length 3-valved and dehiscent. 
May-June. In sandy soil and often cultivated for ornament. 

14. CONVALLARIACEJE. LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY. 

Perennial herbs, stems leafy or scapose, often from a thick- 
ened rootstock, never from a bulb or corm ; flowers solitary or 
variously clustered ; leaves broad and often with netted veins, 
or filiform, alternate or whorled ; perianth 4-6-parted, seg- 
ments distinct or partly united ; stamens 4-6, hypogynous or 
inserted on the perianth ; ovary free, 2-3-celled, ovules few 
or many, style long or short, stigmas mostly 3-lobed; fruit 
a berry. 



34 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



I. ASPARAGUS. 

Stem from fleshy fibrous roots, erect, branched, branches 
slender, with filiform branchlets in the axils of scales which 
take the place of leaves ; flowers small, solitary or racemed, 
perianth 6-parted, segments distinct or slightly united; 
stamens 6, perigynous, filaments filiform ; ovary 3-celled, 
6-ovuled, style short, slender, stigmas 3, recurved; fruit a 
globose berry. 

A. officinalis L. Asparagus. Stem succulent and simple 
with fleshy scales when young, becoming taller, more woody and 
widely branched when old ; leaves short, filiform ; flowers axillary, 
solitary, or 2 or 3 together on slender, jointed, drooping pedicels, 
greenish, segments linear ; berry red, few-seeded. May-August. 
Introduced from Europe, common in cultivation, and often escaped. 

II. POLYGONATUM. 

Eootstock creeping, jointed, scarred; stems simple, erect, 
scaly below, leafy above ; leaves alternate, oval or oblong ; 
flowers on axillary, 1-4-flowered, drooping, jointed peduncles, 
perianth tubular, 6-cleft ; stamens 6, included, inserted about 
the middle of the tube ; anthers sagittate ; ovary 3-celled, 
many-ovuled, style slender, stigmas capitate or 3-lobed ; fruit 
a few-seeded berry. 

1. P. biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Hairy Solomon's Seal. Stem 
simple, erect, arched, nearly naked below, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves 
2-ranked, sessile or clasping, 3-7-nerved, smooth above, pale and 
pubescent beneath ; peduncles short, 1-4- often 2-flowered, perianth 
greenish, \ in. long ; filaments filiform, roughened ; berry dark blue. 
April-May. Shady banks. 

2. P. commutatum (R. & S.) Dietr. Smooth Solomon's Seal. 
Stem simple, stout, curving above, 3-8 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate to 
ovate, many-nerved, partly clasping, smooth on both sides ; peduncles 
nearly half as long as the leaves, 2-6-flowered ; perianth greenish 
yellow, | in. long ; filaments smooth ; berry blue, \ in. in diameter. 
May-June. In rocky woods and along streams. 

III. MEDEOLA. 

Eootstock horizontal, fleshy ; stem simple, erect ; leaves 
in two whorls ; flowers perfect, in a sessile umbel ; perianth 



MONOCOTYLEDONS. 35 

greenish-yellow, segments 6, distinct, deciduous ; stamens 6, 
hypogynous, filaments slender, smooth ; ovary 3-celled, many- 
ovuled, styles 3, slender, recurved ; fruit a globose berry. 

M. Virginiana L. Indian Cucumber-root. Stem clothed 
with loose deciduous wool, erect, 1-2 ft. high ; the lower whorl of 
6-8 sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5-nerved leaves, the upper 
whorl of 3-4, ovate, sessile or short-petioled leaves ; flowers 2-8, nod- 
ding, becoming ascending in fruit ; perianth segments \-± in. long, 
obtuse ; styles red, berry dark purple. May- June. Shady banks and 
moist woods. 



IV. TRILLIUM. 

Perennial, from tuberous rootstocks ; stem simple, erect ; 
leaves 3, whorled at the summit of the stem ; flower terminal, 
solitary, peduncled or sessile, perfect ; perianth of 6 leaves, 
the 3 outer green, persistent, the 3 inner colored and petal- 
like, deciduous or persistent ; stamens 6, hypogynous, fila- 
ments short ; ovary sessile, 6-ribbed, 3-celled, many-ovuled, 
styles 3, slender, recurved, persistent; fruit a subglobose, 
many-seeded purple berry. 

1. T. sessile L. Sessile-flowered Wake-robin. Rootstock 
erect or ascending, corm-like ; stem slender, 1-8 in. high ; leaves 
broadly oval, obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded and sessile at the 
base, 3-5-nerved, smooth, bright green, not mottled ; flowers sessile, 
sepals lanceolate, |-1 in. long, petals purple, elliptical, about the 
length of the sepals ; stamens half the length of the petals ; styles 
elongated, straight. April-May. In rich woods. 

2. T. Underwoodii Small. Underwood's Wake-robin. Root- 
stock horizontal, stem stout, 4-12 in. high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate 
to broadly ovate, acute or short acuminate at the apex, rounded and 
sessile at the base, wavy on the margins, 3-5-nerved, glabrous, 
prominently mottled with different shades of green ; flowers sessile, 
sepals lanceolate, 1J-2 in. long, often purplish green, petals purple, 
lanceolate to oblanceolate, 2-3 in. long ; stamens i-i the length of 
the petals, style very short, stigmas recurved ; fruit an ovoid berry. 
April-May. In rich woods. 

3. T. grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Large-flowered 
Wake-robin. Rootstock horizontal, stem slender, 12-18 in. high; 
leaves rhombic-ovate, acuminate at the apex, rounded and sessile or 
slightly peduncled at the base, smooth and glaucous, 5-7 -nerved, 



36 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

bright green ; peduncle longer than the erect or slightly declined 
flower, sepals lanceolate-acute, 1-1^ in. long, petals white fading to 
pink, longer than the sepals ; stamens less than half the length of 
the petals ; style short, stigmas recurved, fruit a black globose berry. 
April-May. In rich woods. 



15. SMILACEiE. SMIL AX FAMILY. 

Mostly woody climbing vines with prickly stems ; leaves 
alternate, prominently nerved, netted-veined, petioled, stipules 
replaced by persistent tendrils ; flowers dioecious, small, 
greenish, in axillary umbels ; perianth segments 6 ; stamens 6, 
distinct ; ovary 3-celled, 3-6-ovuled, stigmas 1-3, sessile or 
nearly so ; fruit a 1-6-seeded globose berry. 

SMILAX. 

Eootstock often large and tuberous ; stems usually woody, 
climbing by tendrils ; leaves entire or lobed ; petioles sheath- 
ing; flowers regular, perianth bell-shaped, the 6 segments 
equal and deciduous ; stamens 6, inserted on the base of the 
perianth; ovary free, 1-3-celled, 3-6-ovuled, stigmas 1-3; 
berry 1-6-seeded. 

1. S. herb ace a L. Carrion-flower. Stem herbaceous, erect, 
simple or branched, not prickly, 1-3 ft. high ; leaves few, ovate, 
acute and mucronate at the apex, somewhat cordate at the base, 
5-7-nerved, thin, smooth above, pubescent below, the upper sometimes 
whorled and the lower bract-like ; petioles short ; peduncles as long 
as the leaves, growing from below the petioles ; umbel many-flowered, 
flowers carrion-scented ; berry blue-black, 2-4-seeded. April-June. 
Dry, fertile soil. 

2. S. glauca Walt. Glaucous Greenbrier. Stem terete, 
slender, with scattered prickles, branches angled, and usually without 
prickles ; leaves ovate or subcordate, pointed at the apex, mostly 
5-nerved, smooth, white-glaucous beneath, margins entire ; peduncles 
flattened, 2-3 times as long as the petioles, few-flowered ; berry black, 
3-seeded. May-June. Margins of swamps. 

3. S. Bon-nox L. Bristly Greenbrier. Stem stout, terete 
or slightly angled, scurfy when young, armed with numerous stout 



MONOCOTYLEDONS. 37 

prickles ; branches 4-angled, usually unarmed ; leaves deltoid-ovate 
or often hastate, 5-7 -ribbed, smooth on both sides and often discol- 
ored, margins usually fringed with fine prickles ; peduncles twice as 
long as the petioles, flattened ; umbels many-flowered, pedicels short ; 
berries 8-20 in a cluster, black, 1-seeded. April-June. In swamps 
and thickets. 

4. S. laurifolia L. Laurel-leaved Greenbrier. Stem 
terete, stout, thickly beset with stout, straight prickles ; branches 
1-angied, mostly unarmed ; leaves thick, evergreen, elliptical to nar- 
rowly ovate, obtuse at both ends, smooth, 3-nerved ; peduncles shorter 
than the petioles, angled, stout ; pedicels shorter than the peduncles ; 
berries black, 1-seeded, ripening the second season. March-August. 
Margins of streams and swamps. 

5. S. Walteri Pursh. Walter's Greenbrier. Stem low, 
with few' prickles, 2-5 ft. long, branches slightly 4-angled, unarmed ; 
leaves oblong-lanceolate to oval, obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded 
or cordate at the base, 5-ribbed, smooth ; peduncles flattened, about 
as long as the petioles and pedicels ; berry bright red, ripening the 
first year. March-April. Wet pine barrens. 



16. HiEMODORACEiE. BLOODWORT FAMILY. 

Perennial herbs from short rootstocks ; stem erect ; leaves 
linear, equitant ; flowers in a terminal cyme or panicle, 
regular or nearly so, the persistent perianth 6-parted, adnate 
to the ovary ; stamens 3 ; ovary 1-3-celled, few-ovuled, style 
slender, stigma entire or lobed ; fruit a 3-valved capsule. 



GYROTHECA. 

Stem stout, leafy ; juice orange-colored ; leaves narrowly 
linear, equitant ; flowers in a dense, terminal, woolly cyme ; 
perianth 6-parted, woolly without, "the three inner segments 
longer, tube adnate to the ovary ; stamens opposite the inner 
segments, longer than the perianth ; style filiform, declined, 
deciduous, capsule globose, 3-angled, many-seeded. 

G. capitata (Walt.) Morong. Red-root. Rootstock rather 
stout, with coarse, red, fibrous roots ; stem mostly simple, smooth 
below, woolly above ; leaves linear, crowded and equitant below, 



38 



ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



scattered and clasping above ; flowers 2-ranked in a compound woolly 
cyme, pedicels bracted ; perianth woolly without, yellow and smooth 
within ; capsule as long as the pedicels, the valves separating from 
the placenta?, seeds black. June-September. Swamps and wet 
places. 



17. AMARYLLIDACE^ e AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 

Perennial herbs with a bulbous or tuberous root, mostly 
succulent ; leaves narrow ; flowers perfect, often showy, peri- 
anth 6-parted, the segments united below to form a tube 
which is partly or wholly adherent to the ovary ; stamens 6, 
opposite the perianth lobes, anthers versatile or introrse ; 
ovary 3-celled, few- or many-ovuled, style single, filiform, 
entire or lobed ; fruit a capsule or rarely fleshy, valvular or 
indehiscent. 



Plants from bulbs. 

Scape 1-flowered .... 
Scape several-flowered. 
Flowers with a membranous crown 
Flowers crownless . ... 
Plants from rootstocks. 

Flowers in spikes .... 
Flowers in umbels .... 
Flowers in panicles . . * . 



I. Amaryllis. 

II. Hymenocallis. 

III. Crinum. 

IV. Agave. 
V. Hypoxis. 

VI. Lophiola. 



I. AMARYLLIS. 

Acaulescent, from a coated bulb; leaves linear, fleshy; 
scape erect, 1-few-flowered ; flowers large, erect, or declined, 
subtended by a 1-2-leaved spathe ; perianth 6-parted, naked 
in the throat, tube short, segments petal-like, spreading; 
stamens free, anthers versatile ; ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled, 
style elongated, declined, stigma 3-cleft ; fruit a many-seeded, 
3-valved capsule, seeds black, compressed, or angled. 

A. Atamasco L. Atamasco Lily. Bulbs about 1 in. in diameter; 
leaves narrow, concave above, glabrous, usually longer than the scape ; 
scape 6-12 in. high, 1-flowered ; spathe 1 -leaved, 2 cleft ; flowers 2-3 



MONOCOTYLEDONS. 89 

in. long, white tinged with pink or purple, bell-shaped, short-peduncled; 
stamens longer than the tube, shorter than the style, capsule depressed- 
globose, seeds angled. April. In rich, damp soil, often cultivated. 

II. HYMENOCALLIS. 

Acaulescent from a large coated bulb ; leaves strap-shaped, 
long ; scape erect, compressed, 2-edged, bearing a cluster 
of leafy -bracted flowers at the apex ; perianth corolla-like, 
6-parted, tube long and slender, perianth lobes narrow, spread- 
ing, or recurved ; stamens 6, the filaments broadened and 
united below to form a crown with toothed and spreading 
edge, upper part of the stamens exsertecl, anthers versatile ; 
style long and slender, stigma entire ; fruit a membranaceous, 
3-celled capsule, seeds often bulb-like. 

H. occidentals (Le C.) Kunth. Swamp Lily. Bulb 2-3 in. 
in diameter ; leaves linear or strap-shaped, obtuse, thick, glaucous, 
concave above, 1-2 ft. long ; scape stout, 2-edged, as long as the 
leaves, smooth, about 6-flowered ; bracts several, linear-lanceolate ; 
perianth white, the tube slender, 3-5 in. long, not dilated at the 
apex, perianth lobes linear, spreading or recurved, nearly as long 
as the tube ; crown funnel form, toothed between the filaments, style 
much exsertecl, capsule few-seeded. June- August. In wet places. 

III. CRINUM. 

Characters the same as those of Hymenocallis, excepting 
that the flowers are crownless. 

C. Americanum L. Crinum. Bulb 2-4 in. in diameter ; leaves 
strap-shaped, obtuse, concave above, slightly denticulate ; scape few- 
flowered, compressed, edges rounded, smooth, 18-24 in. high ; bracts 
lanceolate ; flowers 6-8 in. long, white, fragrant, tube green, per- 
sistent, perianth segments lanceolate, spreading or recurved, shorter 
than the tube ; stamens exserted, filaments purple ; ovary 3-celled, 
3-6 ovuled, style slender, purple, stigma truncate, capsule indehis- 
cent, 1-6-seeded, seeds large, corm-like. May-September. River 
banks and swamps. 

IV. AGAVE. 

Eootstocks short and thick, tuberous ; leaves mostly basal, 
fleshy, with a toothed or spiny margin ; scape tall, with leaf- 



40 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

like bracts ; flowers in simple or panicled spikes, perfect, 
bracted ; perianth tubular-funnel form, 6-lobed, persistent ; 
stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth, exserted, 
anthers versatile ; ovary 3-celled, 3-lobed, many-ovuled, style 
filiform, exserted, stigma 3-lobed, fruit a 3-celled, 3-valved, 
many-seeded, dehiscent capsule, seeds compressed. 

A. Virginica L. False Aloe. Whole plant smooth and glau- 
cous ; leaves lanceolate, thick, long, acuminate and spine-pointed, 
sparingly denticulate, surface often mottled ; scape erect, simple, 
very white-glaucous, 3-5 ft. high ; spike simple, flowers greenish- 
yellow, perianth tubular, strongly nerved, about 1 in. long, lobes 
short, slightly spreading ; filaments and style spotted, capsule coria- 
ceous, 3-lobed at the apex, seeds shiny. June- August. In dry soil. 

A. Americana L., the century plant, is often cultivated for orna- 
ment in the southern section. 



V. HYPOXIS. 

Low herbs ; rootstock short, tuberous ; leaves grass-like ; 
scape naked, bearing a few yellow flowers in a bracted umbel, 
perianth 6-parted, spreading, persistent, the outer segments 
green on the outside, tube short ; stamens 6, inserted at the 
top of the tube, short, unequal ; ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled, 
style short and thick, stigmas 3, fruit a top-shaped, many- 
seeded capsule, the upper portion with the withered perianth 
falling off at maturity, seeds globose, black, beaked by their 
persistent stalks. 

H. hirsuta (L.) Coville. Star-grass. Leaves linear, grass-like, 
channeled above, hirsute or woolly, becoming longer than the scape ; 
scapes 1-4, slender, somewhat flattened, usually smooth below and 
hairy above, 3-6 in. high ; bracts subulate, shorter than the unequal, 
hairy pedicels ; perianth segments oblong, obtuse, yellow within, 
green and hairy without, stamens unequal, longer than the style ; 
capsule several-seeded, seeds angled. March-July. Common on low 
ground. 

VI. LOPHIOLA. 

Perennial herbs from slender rootstocks ; stem leafy ; leaves 
linear and rigid ; inflorescence in a terminal, woolly, cymose 
panicle ; flowers small, yellow, woolly without, perianth 6- 



MONOCOTYLEDONS. 41 

lobed, the tube adherent to the lower part of the ovary, lobes 
spreading ; stamens 6, inserted on the lower part of the peri- 
anth lobes, filaments slender, short; ovary 3-celled, many- 
ovuled, style slender, erect, persistent, shorter than the stamens; 
fruit a 3-ribbed, 3-furrowed capsule ; seeds oblong, ribbed. 

L. Americana (Pursh) Coville. Lophiola. Stem erect, rigid, 
smooth below, branched and woolly above ; basal leaves linear, sword- 
shaped, equitant, upper leaves scattered, smaller ; panicle very white- 
woolly, becoming broad in fruit ; perianth segments linear-oblong, 
with a tuft of wool at the base within ; capsule shorter than the 
perianth, ovoid. June- August. Wet pine barrens. 



18. IRIDACEJE. IRIS FAMILY. 

Perennial herbs from bulbs or rootstocks ; leaves 2-ranked, 
equitant ; flowers perfect, regular or irregular, each subtended 
by two bracts ; perianth 6-parted, the tube adherent to the 
ovary, the segments in 2 series of 3 each, equal, or the inner 
ones smaller ; stamens 3, distinct or united, opposite the outer 
segments ; ovary forming a 3-celled, 3-angled, 3-valved, many- 
seeded, dehiscent capsule. 

I. IRIS. 

Rootstock thick, creeping, branching, horizontal, sometimes 
tuberous ; stems erect, simple or branched ; leaves linear or 
sword-shaped; flowers showy, the outer perianth segments 
spreading or recurved, often bearded within, the inner seg- 
ments usually smaller and erect ; stamens inserted in the base 
of the outer segments ; the style deeply 3-parted, the divisions 
broad and petal-like, covering the stamens ; fruit an oblong 
or oval, 3 or 6-angled, many-seeded capsule. 

1. I. versicolor L. Large Blue Flag. Rootstock thick, hori- 
zontal ; stem terete, smooth, simple or branched, leafy, 2-3 ft. high ; 
leaves linear-sword-shaped, finely-nerved, glaucous, the lower 1J-2 ft. 
long, the upper shorter ; bracts longer than the pedicels ; flowers 
terminal, single or few together, blue variegated with white, yellow, 
and purple, perianth segments not bearded, the inner ones smaller ; 



42 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

the 3-angled ovary longer than the inflated perianth tube, capsule 
oblong, slightly lobed, seeds in 2 rows in each cell. April-May. In 
wet places. 

2. I. hexagona Walt. Southerx Blue Flag. Rootstock 
thick ; stem terete, erect, usually simple, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves linear, 
sword-shaped, as long as the stem, green ; flowers axillary and ter- 
minal, deep blue, variegated with white, yellow, and purple, outer 
segments not bearded, often 4 in. long, inner segments smaller ; peri- 
anth tube longer than the ovary ; stigmas much longer than the 
stamens, cut-toothed at the apex, capsule oblong-cylindrical, 6-angled. 
April-May. In wet ground. 

3. I. Germanica L. Fleur-de-lis. Rootstock thick, matted; 
stem stout, branched, leafy, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves strap-shaped, acute, 
erect, shorter than the stem, bracts scarious ; flowers sessile, large 
and showy, blue, variegated with white and yellow, sometimes nearly 
all white, outer segments large, recurved, bearded, the inner narrower, 
erect, or arched inward. April-May. Introduced from Europe ; com- 
mon in gardens and naturalized in many places. 

4. I. fulva Ker. Yellow Flag. Rootstock fleshy ; stem sim- 
ple or branched, striate, 1-angled below, bearing 2-3 leaves, 2-3 ft. 
high ; leaves linear, sword-shaped, glaucous, shorter than the stem, 
bracts small ; pedicels short, flowers axillary and terminal, dull yel- 
low or reddish-brown, variegated with blue and green, perianth seg- 
ments not bearded ; style branches but little exceeding the stamens, 
ovary about as long as the inflated perianth tube, capsule ovate, 
6-angled. April-May. Swamps and wet places. 



II. SISYRINCHIUM. 

Perennial, tufted herbs ; stems erect, simple, or branched, 
flattened, 2-edged or winged ; leaves linear and grass-like ; 
flowers small, blue, in terminal, umbellate, 2-bracted clusters, 
perianth corolla-like, tube short or none, segments 6, equal, 
strongly aristate ; stamens 3, monadelphous ; ovary 3-celled, 
many-ovuled, style short, the branches long, filiform, and in- 
volute, alternate with the stamens ; fruit a 3-valved capsule, 
seeds smooth or pitted. 

1. S. graminoides Bickn. Blue-eyed Grass. Stem slender, 
broadly wing-margined, usually 2-branched above, 10-20 in. high ; 
leaves very slender and grass-like, shorter than the stem, the edges 
roughened ; bracts about 1 in. long, the outer one sometimes the 
longer ; umbels 2-4-flowered, pedicels slender, longer than the bracts, 



MONOCOTYLEDONS. 43 

flowers bright blue, segments cuneate, slightly pubescent without ; 
capsule globose, seeds black, pitted. April-June. Grassy meadows 
and dry soil. 

2. S. Atlanticum Bickn. Eastern Blue-eyed Grass. Tufted, 
stems slender, sharply 2-edged, weak and often decumbent, finally 
few-branched, 6-18 in. high ; leaves pale, glaucous, much shorter 
than the stem ; bracts nearly equal, often somew 7 hat scarious and 
purple-tinged ; flowers bright blue, perianth minutely pubescent 
without, pedicels erect, about as long as the bracts ; capsule ovoid, 
seeds ovoid, dull black, smooth or minutely pitted. April- June. On 
moist, sandy soil. 



19. ORCHIDACEjE. orchis family. 

Perennial herbs, roots bulbous, tuberous, corm-like, or 
fibrous ; stems simple, leafy, or scapose ; leaves simple, 
mostly alternate, sheathing, entire, smooth, or rarely pubes- 
cent, those on the stem often small and bract-like ; flowers 
solitary, spiked or racemed, usually showy, perfect, very 
irregular; perianth 6-parted, segments united below and 
coherent with, the ovary, the 3 outer divisions sepal-like and 
similar ; two of the inner segments similar, the third, which 
is structurally the posterior segment, though often becoming 
anterior by the twisting of the ovary, very variable in form, 
sometimes forming a large pouch, often dilated and fringed, 
and usually forming a knob, or even a long and slender spur 
near the base ; stamens 3, rarely 2, united with the style to 
form an irregular column, only one or two of them anther- 
bearing ; anthers 2-celled, pollen grains cohering in 2-8 waxy 
or powdery masses (pollinia) attached to a viscid gland at the 
base ; ovary usually elongated, 1-celled, with 3-parietal pla- 
centae ; fruit a 3-valved, many-seeded, dehiscent capsule, seeds 
minute, covered with a loose, membranous coat. 

[Most of the species flower late in the season, and their classification 
is based principally on the number and character of the anthers and 
pollinia.] 



44 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



SUBCLASS 2. DICOTYLEDONS. 

Stems with distinct bark, wood, and pith ; fibrovascular 
bundles in rings ; leaves netted-veined ; parts of the flower 
mostly in 5's, rarely in 3's or 6 ? s ; cotyledons 2. 

20. SAURURACEiE. LIZARD-TAIL FAMILY. 

Perennial herbs ; stems jointed ; leaves simple, alternate, 
entire, with sheathing stipules ; flowers perfect, in bracted, 
terminal spikes or racemes ; perianth none, stamens 4-8, 
hypogynous ; ovaries 3-5, more or less united, ovules few ; 
styles 3-5 ; fruit a few-seeded capsule, or somewhat fleshy. 

SAURURUS. 

Characters of the family. 

S. cernuus L. Lizard-tail. Stem erect, from a slender root- 
stock, forked above, pubescent when young, becoming smooth, 2-4 
ft. high ; leaves cordate to ovate, strongly 5-9-ribbed, acute or acu- 
minate at the apex, on stout petioles ; spikes slender, drooping 
at the apex, closely flowered, peduncled ; flowers white, fragrant, 
bracted ; stamens spreading, filaments club-shaped ; fruit somewhat 
fleshy, of 3-4 carpels, each carpel 1-2-seeded. May-August. In 
marshes and muddy places. 

21. JUGLANDACE^E. WALNUT FAMILY. 

Trees with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves without stipules ; 
flowers monoecious, the staminate in long and drooping aments, 
stamens few or many, calyx 2-6-parted ; the fertile solitary 
or in small clusters, calyx 3-5-lobed, minute petals sometimes 
present, ovary 1-celled or incompletely 2-4-celled ; fruit a 
drupe with a dry exocarp enclosing a bony endocarp or nut. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 45 



I. JUGLANS. 

Staminate aments cylindrical, solitary, borne on wood of 
the previous year, stamens numerous, filaments short, calyx 
4-6-parted ; pistillate flowers single or a few together on a 
short peduncle at the base of the growth of the season ; calyx 
4-parted, petals 4, minute, adnate to the ovary ; styles 2, short, 
plumose, fruit large, globose or oval, exocarp fibrous-fleshy, 
becoming dry, indehiscent, endocarp bony, very rough. 

1. J. nigra L. Black Walnut. Leaflets 13-21, ovate-lanceo- 
late, serrate, acuminate, somewhat cordate or oblique at the base, 
nearly smooth above, pubescent beneath, petioles minutely downy ; 
fruit usually single, globose, about 2 in. in diameter. April-May. 
On rich soil, rare near the coast. One of the most valuable of our 
native trees, the wood being very durable and highly prized for cabi- 
net work. 

2. J. cinerea L. Butternut. Leaflets 15-19, ovate-lanceo- 
late, acuminate at the apex, rounded or slightly inequilateral at the 
base, serrate, downy beneath ; petioles, branchlets, and fruit viscid- 
pubescent ; fruit often in small clusters, oblong. April-May. More 
common northward. Wood less valuable and nut less oily than 
Black Walnut. The English Walnut (/. regid) is occasionally seen 
in cultivation. It has 7-11 leaflets and a nearly smooth endocarp. 



II. HICORIA. 

Leaflets serrate; staminate aments usually in 3's on a 
common peduncle, or sometimes sessile at the base of the 
growth of the season ; calyx 2-3-parted, stamens 3-10, fila- 
ments short ; pistillate flowers 2-5 in terminal clusters, calyx 
4-parted, petals none, styles 2 or 4, fimbriate ; fruit sub- 
globose, exocarp separating more or less completely into 4 
valves, endocarp smooth or angled. 

1. H. Pecan (Marsh) Britt. Pecan. A large tree with rough 
gray bark, young twigs and leaves pubescent, nearly glabrous when 
mature ; leaflets 11-15, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, Serrate, falcate ; 
staminate aments nearly sessile, 5-6 in. long ; exocarp thin, nut oval 
or oblong, thin-shelled. March-April. River-bottoms. Rarely 
native east of the Mississippi River, but widely planted for its fruit. 



46 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

2. H. ovata (Mill) Britt. Scaly-bark Hickory. A large tree 
with bark scaling off in long plates, young twigs and leaves downy, 
becoming smooth with age ; leaflets 5, the lower ones oblong-lanceo- 
late, the upper one longer and obovate, acuminate at the apex, 
narrowed to the sessile base ; inner bud scales becoming large and 
conspicuous ; sta urinate aments in 3's ; fruit globose, exocarp thick, 
splitting into 4 sections, nut white, compressed, 4-angled, pointed, 
thin-shelled. March-April. On rich soil. More common in the 
northern section. Wood strong and elastic, but not durable when 
exposed. 

3. H. glabra (Mill) Britt. Pig-nut Hickory. A large tree 
with close, rough bark ; young twigs and leaves nearly glabrous ; 
leaflets 5-7, usually 7, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, 3-6 in. 
long ; staminate aments in 3's ; fruit oval to pear-shaped, exocarp 
thin, splitting to about the middle ; nut brown, angled, thick-shelled, 
kernel at first sweet, the after-taste bitter. March- April. Common 
on rich soil. Wood very strong and elastic. Used largely for han- 
dles of tools. Six other species of hickory are more or less common 
throughout the South. 

22. MYRICACEiE. BAY-BERRY FAMILY. 

Shrubs with alternate, simple, resinous-dotted leaves ; 
monoecious or dioecious ; flowers in short, bracted aments, 
perianth none ; staminate flowers 2-10, stamens inserted on 
the receptacle ; pistillate flowers surrounded by 2-6 scales, 
ovary 1-celled, style short, stigmas 2. 

MYRICA. 

Shrubs or small trees with the branches clustered at the 
end of the growth of the previous season ; leaves short- 
petioled, entire, lobed or dentate, the margin usually revo- 
lute, writhout stipules ; perianth none ; staminate flowers in 
oblong or cylindrical aments, stamens 2-10, with the fila- 
ments united below ; pistillate flowers surrounded by a cup 
of 2-6 scales, ovary solitary, becoming a 1-celled, globose 
drupe or nut, often covered with waxy grains. Whole plant 
usually fragrant. 

M. cerifera L. Waxberry. A spreading shrub or small tree ; 
young branches pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 



DICOTYLEDONS. 47 

entire or sometimes serrate near the mostly obtuse apex, smooth 
or pubescent on the veins beneath, tapering into a short petiole ; 
staminate aments numerous, stamens 4 ; pistillate aments small, 
bracts slightly 3-lobed, scales of the ovary 4, ciliate ; stigmas 2, fruit 
very abundant, incrusted with white wax, i-J in. in diameter, some- 
times persistent 2 or 3 years. March- April. Common on wet soils, 
especially near the coast. 



23. SALICACEiE. WILLOW FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, deciduous, stipulate 
leaves, buds scaly, covered with a resinous varnish ; flowers 
dioecious, in aments expanding before or with the leaves ; 
staminate aments usually drooping, flowers consisting of one 
or more stamens inserted on a receptacle in the axil of a 
simple bract ; pistillate aments drooping, erect, or spreading ; 
ovary 1-celled, with. 2-4 placentae and usually numerous 
ovules, style short, stigmas 2, often 2-lobed ; seeds small, 
covered with fine silky hairs. 

I. POPULUS. 

Trees with prominent, scaly buds, twigs more or less angled, 
leaves usually long-petioled, bracts of the aments irregularly 
lobed at the apex ; stamens few or many, filaments distinct ; 
pistillate aments often long, ovary sessile, style short, stigmas 
2-4, elongated, capsule 2-4-valved. 

1. P. deltoides Marsh. Cottonw^ood. Branches acutely 
angled ; leaves glabrous, large, deltoid, acute or acuminate at the 
apex, truncate at the base, obtusely serrate, petioles flattened later- 
ally ; pistillate aments 6-10 in. long at maturity, capsule usually 
shorter than the pedicel. March-May. On damp soil. 

2. P. heterophylla L. Swamp Poplar. Branches only 
slightly angled; leaves ovate, mostly obtuse at the apex, rounded 
or sub-cordate at the base, serrate with obtuse teeth, densely tomen- 
tose when young, but becoming smooth with age ; petioles terete ; 
pistillate aments smooth, erect or spreading, loosely flowered ; capsule 
ovoid, usually shorter than the pedicel. March- April. Common in 
river swamps. A large tree with soft, light wood, which is often 
used in making cheap furniture. 



48 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



II. SALIX. 

Shrubs or trees, branches usually very slender, buds with 
single scales ; leaves usually long and narrow ; stipules some- 
times leaf -like or often small and soon deciduous ; bracts of 
the aments entire ; staminate aments erect or drooping, stami- 
nate flowers with 2-10, mostly 2, distinct or united stamens ; 
pistillate aments usually erect, flowers with a small gland on 
the inner side of the bract, stigmas short, 2-lobed ; capsule 
2-valved. 

1. S. nigra Marsh. Black Willow. Leaves elliptical or nar- 
rowly lanceolate, acute at each end, serrate, short-petioled, downy 
when young and becoming smooth with age, 2-3 in. long ; stipules 
persistent or deciduous ; staminate aments 1-2 in. long ; the pistil- 
late 2-4 in. long ; stamens 3-7, distinct, filaments pubescent below ; 
capsule twice the length of the pedicel, ovate, acuminate, pointed by 
the prominent style. March- April. A small tree with very brittle 
branches. Along streams and borders of marshes. 

2. S. Babylonica L. Weeping Willow. Leaves narrowly 
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, slightly downy when young and 
becoming smooth with age, green above, pale beneath, often 5-7 in. 
long, petioles short, glandular ; aments on short lateral branches ; 
stamens 2, style almost none, capsule sessile, glabrous. March- 
April. Introduced and cultivated for ornament, becoming a large 
tree. 

24. BETULACEJE. BIRCH FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple, petioled leaves with 
usually deciduous stipules ; monoecious flowers in cylindrical 
or subglobose aments, staminate aments drooping ; flowers 
1-3 in the axil of each bract, calyx none, or membranous 
and 2-4-parted ; stamens 2-10, distinct ; pistillate aments 
drooping, spreading, or erect and spike-like ; flowers with or 
without a calyx, ovary solitary, 1-2-celled, ovules 1-2 in each 
cell; fruit a 1 -celled nut or samara. 

I. CARPINUS. 

Trees with thin, straight-veined leaves, which are folded 
in the bud ; flowers expanding before the leaves ; staminate 



DICOTYLEDONS. 49 

flowers in slender, drooping aments sessile at the end of the 
growth of the previous season ; stamens 3-12, subtended by 
a bract, filaments forked, anthers hairy ; pistillate aments 
spike-like, each pair of flowers subtended by a deciduous 
bract, and each flower by a persistent bractlet which becomes 
large and leaf-like in fruit ; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled ; stigmas 
2, filiform ; fruit a small angular nut. 

C. Caroliniana Walt. Hornbeam. A small tree with smooth 
and close gray bark ; twigs slender ; leaves ovate-oblong, acnte or 
acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, the straight veins terminat- 
ing in the larger serrations ; downy when young and soon becoming 
smooth ; staminate aments 1— li in. long ; pistillate aments long- 
peduncled, 8-12-flowered ; bractlets becoming nearly 1 in. long, cut- 
toothed, the middle tooth much longer than the others. February- 
March. . In rich, moist woods. Often known as " blue beech " and 
" iron wood." 

II. OSTRYA. 

Small trees, with dark bark and very hard wood ; leaves 
open and concave in the bud and somewhat plaited on the 
veins ; staminate flowers on slender, drooping aments sessile 
at the end of the growth of the previous season ; stamens 
3-12, subtended by a bract, filaments forked, anthers hairy ; 
pistillate flowers surrounded by a tubular bractlet which 
becomes large and bladder-like at maturity ; fruit a small, 
pointed, smooth nut ; mature anient hop-like. 

O. Virginiana (Mill) Willd. A small tree with brownish, fur- 
rowed bark ; leaves ovate, acute, doubly serrate, often inequilateral 
at the base, short-petioled ; staminate and fertile aments 2-3 in. long. 
February-March. Mature fruit June- July. In rich woods. Often 
known as " iron wood " and " lever wood." 



III. CORYLUS. 

Shrubs with prominently veined, cut-toothed leaves which 
are folded lengthwise in the bud, and with the flowers expand- 
ing before the leaves ; staminate flowers in slender, drooping 
aments ; stamens 8, anthers 1-celled ; fertile flowers several 
in a cluster or in very short aments at the ends of the twigs 
of the season ; ovary incompletely 2-celled, style short, stig- 



50 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

mas 2, bractlets 2, becoming enlarged and enclosing the single 
bony nut at maturity. 

C. Americana Walt. Hazel-nut. A shrub 4-7 ft. high, 
young twigs and petioles covered with brownish, viscid hairs ; leaves 
round-cordate, acute or acuminate, irregularly toothed, nearly smooth 
above, pubescent below ; involucre longer than the nut and enclos- 
ing it, glandular-hairy ; nut subglobose, pointed, edible. February- 
March. On rich soil, borders of meadows and fields. 



IV. BETULA. 

Trees with slender, aromatic twigs and thin, usually straight- 
veined leaves ; staminate aments drooping, flowers usually 3 
in the axil of each bract, stamens 4, short, anthers 1-celled ; 
pistillate aments erect, flowers 2 or 3 in the axil of each bract ; 
ovary sessile, 2-celled, styles 2 ; bracts 3-lobed; perianth none; 
nut broadly winged. 

1. B. nigra L. Black Birch. A medium-sized tree with 
reddish-brown bark ; leaves rhombic-ovate, acute at the apex, acute 
or obtuse at the base, sharply and doubly serrate, white-downy below, 
becoming smoother with age, petioles short ; staminate aments 2-3 
in. long ; pistillate aments 1-1^ in. long, peduncles short, bracts nearly 
equally 3-cleft, woolly. March- April. River banks. 

2. B. lenta L. Cherry Birch. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 
acute, cordate, finely and doubly serrate, silky when young ; petioles 
about J in. long; staminate aments clustered, 3-4 in. long; pistillate 
aments sessile, about 1 in. long, cylindrical bracts spreading, acute, 
smooth. March- April. River banks, especially in the northern dis- 
tricts. A large tree with aromatic twigs. The oil contained in the 
bark and twigs is distilled and used as a substitute for wintergreen. 



V. ALNUS. 

Shrubs or small trees ; leaves petioled, serrate ; flower buds 
stalked, appearing the previous season ; staminate aments 
racemed, drooping flowers 3-6 in the axil of each bract, sub- 
tended by 1-2 bractlets, perianth 4-parted, stamens 4, fila- 
ments short ; pistillate aments erect, flowers 2-3 in the axil 
of each bract, perianth replaced by 2-4 minute bractlets which 
are adherent to the bract ; ovary 2-celled, styles 2, fruit a 



DICOTYLEDONS. 51 

winged or angled nut ; bracts of the pistillate flowers some- 
what fleshy, persistent, becoming woody in fruit. 

A. rugosa (Du Roi) Koch. Smooth Alder. A shrub or small 
tree with smooth bark ; leaves obovate, rounded or obtuse at the 
apex, acute at the base, sharply and minutely serrate, glabrous above, 
pubescent beneath, petioled, stipules oval, deciduous ; staminate 
aments 2-1 in. long ; fruiting aments ovoid, short-peduncled, fruit 
ovate, wingless. January-March. Banks of streams and borders of 
marshes. Leaves often persistent during the winter. 



25. FAGACEiE. BEECH FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, simple, pinnately veined ; 
stipules deciduous ; flowers monoecious, the staminate capi- 
tate, or in drooping, spreading, or erect aments, calyx minute, 
petals none, stamens 4-20 ; pistillate flowers solitary or in 
small clusters, each flower subtended by more or less united 
bracts which at maturity form a cup or burr, calyx minutely 
toothed, petals none ; ovary 2-7 celled, but becoming 1-celled ; 
fruit a 1-seeded nut. 

I. FAGUS. 

Trees with smooth, close, ash-gray bark, and slender, often 
horizontal branches ; staminate flowers in long, slender- 
peduncled, globose clusters, calyx bell-shaped, 4-6-cleft, 
stamens 8-12, anthers 2-celled; pistillate flowers solitary 
or more often in pairs, peduncled, surrounded by a 4-lobed 
involucre and numerous linear bracts ; ovaries 3-celled with 
2 ovules in each cell, but usually only one ovule matures in 
each ovary ; styles 3, filiform, fruit a thin-shelled, 3-angled 
nut. 

F. Americana Sweet. Beech. Large trees, leaves oblong-ovate, 
acuminate at the apex, serrate, straight-veined, very white-silky when 
young, nearly glabrous with age, involucre densely covered with short 
recurved spines ; nuts thin-shelled, edible. March- April. Common 
on damp soil everywhere. The wood is very hard, tough, and close- 
grained, and is especially valuable for the manufacture of small tools. 



52 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



II. CASTANEA. 

Trees or shrubs with rough, gray, rather close bark ; leaves 
straight-veined, undivided, prominently toothed : flowers ap- 
pearing later than the leaves ; staminate aments erect or 
spreading, loosely flowered, flowers several in the axil of each 
bract, calyx 4-6-parted, stamens 8-16 ; pistillate flowers at 
the base of the staminate anient or in small separate clusters, 
usually 3 in each involucre ; ovary 4-celled, surrounded by 
5-12 abortive stamens, fruit a 1-celled nut enclosed in the 
greatly enlarged and very prickly involucre. 

1. C. dentata (Marsh) Berkh. American Chestnut. A large 
tree, bark somewhat rough, and splitting into longitudinal plates ; 
leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, usually acute at the 
base, coarsely and sharply serrate with ascending teeth, glabrous, 
dark green above, lighter below ; petioles stout, short ; staminate 
aments erect, 6-10 in. long ; nuts usually 3 in each burr. February- 
March. Rich soil in the upper districts. Barely found on soils con- 
taining much lime. 

2. C. pumila (L.) Willd. Chinquapin. A small tree or shrub ; 
leaves oblong, acute or obtuse at both ends, serrate with divergent 
teeth, dark green and smooth above, white-w r oolly below ; nuts soli- 
tary, nearly globular. March- April. Common southward in rich 
woods. 

III. QUERCUS. 

Trees or shrubs, with entire, serrate or lobed leaves which 
are often persistent ; staminate flowers in slender aments, 
each subtended by quickly deciduous bracts, and consisting 
of 3-12 stamens enclosed by a 4-8-parted perianth, often con- 
taining an abortive ovary ; pistillate flowers solitary or in 
small clusters, each consisting of a 3-celled ovary with 2 ovules 
in each cell, though rarely more than 1 ovule matures ; styles 
short, erect or recurved ; pistillate flowers surrounded by a 
scaly involucre which at maturity becomes a cup enclosing 
the base of the fruit or sometimes a large part of it; fruit an 
ovate or subglobose, 1-seeded, thin-shelled nut (acorn). 

A. Fruit biennial; leaves entire or with bristle-pointed 
lobes. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 53 

1. Q. rubra L. Red Oak. A large tree ; leaves oval or 
obovate, green above, pale and slightly pubescent beneath, sinuses 
shallow and rounded, lobes 8-12, acuminate; petioles long; cup 
saucer-shaped, with fine scales ; acorn ovate or oblong, about 1 
in. long. April-May. Common ; wood not valuable ; leaves turn- 
ing red after frost and often remaining on the tree through the 
winter. 

2. Q. velutina Lam. Black Oak. A large tree with rough, 
dark browm outer bark and thick, bright yellow inner bark ; leaves 
broadly oval, usually divided more than halfway to the mid-rib, sinuses 
rounded ; lobes about 7, sharply toothed at the apex, smooth above, 
usually pubescent on the veins beneath ; cup hemispherical or top- 
shaped, with coarse scales, short-peduncled, enclosing about half the 
roundish acorn. April-May. Common ; wood not valuable, but the 
inner bark used for tanning and dyeing. 

3. Q. digit ata (Marsh) Sudw. Spanish Oak. A small or 
medium-sized tree with leaves 3-5-lobed at the apex, obtuse or 
rounded at the base, grayish downy beneath, lobes lanceolate and 
often falcate, sparingly cut-toothed ; cup top-shaped, with coarse 
scales, enclosing about half the nearly globose acorn. April-May. 
Common in dry woods. Foliage quite variable in outline and lob- 
ing ; bark valuable for tanning. 

4. Q. nigra L. Black-jack Oak. A small tree ; leaves obovate, 
usually with three rounded lobes at the apex, the lobes bristle-pointed, 
rounded, or slightly cordate at the base, rusty-pubescent beneath, 
shining above, coriaceous, short-petioled ; cup top-shaped, short-pedun- 
cled, with coarse and truncate scales, enclosing about one-third of 
the oblong-ovate acorn. April-May. An almost worthless tree, its 
presence indicating a thin and sterile soil. 

5. Q. Phellos L. Willow Oak. A tree of medium size, 
leaves lanceolate or elliptical, scurfy when young and becoming 
smooth with age ; very short-petioled ; cup shallow, sessile ; acorn 
subglobose. March- April. Wet soil ; often planted for shade. 

B. Fruit animal; leaves not bristle tipped, though often 
mucronate. 

6. Q. alba L. White Oak. A large tree with light gray bark ; 
leaves obovate-oblong, 3-9-lobed, lobes rounded and mostly entire, 
bright green above, paler below, short-petioled; cup hemispherical, 
scales rough, woolly when young, but becoming glabrous with age ; 
acorn oblong-ovate, about 1 in. long. March-April. Common in 
damp soil ; wood strong and durable ; one of the most valuable 
timber trees. 



54 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

7. Q. minor (Marsh) Sarg. Post Oak. A tree of medium 
size, with rough, gray bark; leaves broadly obovate, deeply lyrafce- 
pinnatifid into 5-7 rounded, divergent lobes, upper lobes much 
the longer, smooth above, tomentose beneath, petioles about 1 in. 
long ; cup hemispherical, nearly sessile ; acorn ovoid, 2-3 times as 
long as the cup. March-April. On dry soil; wood hard and 
valuable. 

8. Q. lyrata Walt. Swamp Oak. A large tree with gray or 
reddish bark, leaves obovate-oblong, deeply pinnatifid, lobes narrow, 
often toothed,, thin, glabrous above, white tomentose beneath ; cup 
round-ovate, scales cuspidate, enclosing nearly the whole of the de- 
pressed-globose acorn. March- April. On wet soil ; wood strong and 
very durable. 

9. Q, PRiNUS L. Swamp Chestnut Oak. A large tree, with 
brown, ridged bark ; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, rather ob- 
tuse, crenately toothed, minutely downy beneath, petioles slender, 
about 1 in. long ; cup hemispherical, peduncles longer than the 
petioles, scales acute, tubercular, appressed ; acorn oblong, acute, 
1 in. or less in length, edible. March-April. Common on low 
ground. Wood strong and valuable. 

10. Q. acuminata (Michx.) Sarg. Yellow Chestnut Oak. 
A tree of medium or large size with gray bark, leaves oblong or 
oblanceolate, usually acute at the apex and obtuse or rounded at the 
base, coarsely and evenly toothed ; veins straight, impressed above 
and prominent beneath ; petioles slender ; cup hemispherical, sessile 
or short-peduncled, with flat scales, ^ in. broad, enclosing about half 
the ovoid acorn which is f-f in. long. March- April. Common on 
dry soil ; wood close-grained, durable, and valuable. 

11. Q. Virginiana Mill. Live Oak. A large tree with rough 
gray or brown bark and a low spreading head; leaves coriaceous, 
evergreen, oblong or oblanceolate, often somewhat 3-lobed on young 
trees, margin revolute, dark green and. shining above, pale below ; 
petioles short, stout ; fruit often in short racemes, cup top-shaped, 
scales closely appressed, hoary, peduncles i-1 in. long ; acorn from 
subglobose to oblong, the longer form occurring on the younger 
trees. March- April. On low ground near the coast ; wood very 
hard and durable ; valued for ship-building. 



26. ULMACE^E. ELM FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs with watery juice, alternate, simple, petio- 
late, serrate, stipulate leaves which are usually 2-ranked ; and 
small, perfect or polygamous, apetalous flowers ; calyx of 3-9 



DICOTYLEDONS. 55 

sepals which are distinct or partly united, stamens as many 
as the sepals and opposite them ; ovary 1-2-celled, styles 2, 
spreading; fruit a samara, nut, or drupe. 

I. ULMUS. 

Trees with straight-veined, inequilateral, doubly serrate 
leaves ; stipules early deciduous ; flowers perfect, calyx bell- 
shaped, 4-9-cleft, stamens slender, exserted ; ovary com- 
pressed, styles 2, spreading, fruit membranaceous, flat, 
winged on the edge. 

1. U. Americana L. White Elm. A large tree with gray 
bark and smooth or slightly pubescent twigs ; leaves oval or obovate, 
abruptly acuminate at the apex, obtuse and oblique at the base, 
slightly rough above, soft pubescent or soon glabrous beneath ; 
flowers in close fascicles, peduncles slender, smooth ; fruit oval or 
obovate, with 2 sharp, connivent teeth at the apex, wing reticulate- 
veined, downy on the margin. Flowers February-March ; fruit ripe 
April-May. In moist, rich soil. A widely planted ornamental tree ; 
wood strong but warping badly, and not durable when exposed. 

2. U. alata Michx. Winged Elm. A small tree with branches 
corky-winged, leaves small, ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, 
base nearly equal-sided, rough above, pubescent beneath, nearly ses- 
sile ; flowers in small clusters, fruit oblong, downy on the sides, 
ciliate on the edges. Flowers February-March ; fruit April-May. 
On rich soil. Occasionally producing a second set of flowers and 
fruit from September to November. 

3. U. fulva Michx. Slippery Elm. A tree of medium size 
with rough pubescent twigs, and rusty-tomentose bud scales ; leaves 
large, thick, very rough above, pubescent beneath, ovate or obovate, 
acuminate at the apex, inequilateral, obtuse or somewhat cordate at 
the base, coarsely and doubly serrate, calyx lobes and pedicels pubes- 
cent ; fruit broadly oval, pubescent over the seed, the wing smooth. 
February-March. Inner bark very fragrant when dried, and a popu- 
lar domestic remedy. 

II. CELTIS. 

Trees or shrubs, with entire or serrate, petiolate leaves ; 
flowers greenish, axillary, on wood of the same season, the 
staminate in small clusters, the fertile single or 2-3 together. 



56 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

1. C. occidentals L. Hackberry. A large or medium-sized 
tree having much the appearance of an elm, bark dark and rough ; 
leaves ovate, acuminate at the apex, abruptly obtuse and inequilateral 
at the base, sharply serrate, often 3-nerved from the base, glabrous 
above, usually somewhat pubescent below ; fruit a small, dark purple 
drupe. March-April. On rich soil. 

2. C. Mississippiensis Bosc. Southern Hackberry. A tree, 
usually smaller than the preceding, bark gray, often very warty ; 
leaves broadly lanceolate or ovate, long-acuminate at the apex, 
obtuse or sometimes cordate at the base, entire or with very few 
serratures, glabrous on both sides, 3-nerved ; fruit a purplish-black, 
globose drupe. March- April. 



27. MORACEJE. MULBERRY FAMILY. 

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, usually with milky juice, alternate 
leaves, large deciduous stipules and small monoecious or dioe- 
cious flowers crowded in spikes or heads or enclosed in a 
fleshy receptacle ; staminate flowers with a 3-4-lobed calyx, 
stamens 3-4, inserted on the base of the calyx, filaments 
usually inflexed in the bud, straightening at maturity ; pis- 
tillate flowers 3-5-sepalous ; ovary 1-2-celled, 1-2-ovuled ; 
styles 2, receptacle and perianth often fleshy at maturity. 



I. MORUS. 

Trees or shrubs with milky juice, rounded leaves, and 
monoecious flowers in axillary spikes ; staminate flowers with 
a 4-parted perianth, and 4 stamens inflexed in the bud ; pis- 
tillate flowers with a 4-parted perianth which becomes fleshy 
in fruit, ovary sessile, stigmas 2, linear, spreading ; the fleshy 
perianth enclosing the ovary at maturity. 

1. M. rubra L. Red Mulberry. A small tree ; leaves cordate- 
ovate, often 3-5-lobed on vigorous shoots, acuminate at the apex, 
serrate, rough above, white tomentose beneath ; mature fruiting 
spikes oblong, drooping, dark red or purple, edible. On rich soil. 
Flowers March- April ; fruit May-June. Wood very durable, bear- 
ing exposure to the weather. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 57 

2. M. alba L. White Mulberry. A small tree ; leaves ovate- 
cordate, acute at the apex, rounded and often oblique at the base, 
serrate or sometimes lobed, smooth and shining on both sides, 
mature fruit light red or white. April-May. Fruit June- July. 
Introduced and common about old dwellings. 



II. TOXYLON. 

A small tree with milky juice ; leaves alternate, petioled, 
spines axillary ; flowers dioecious ; staminate flowers in short 
axillary racemes ; calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4, inflexed in 
the bud; pistillate flowers in axillary, pedunculate, capitate 
clusters ; calyx 4-parted, ovary sessile, style long ; calyces 
becoming thickened and fleshy in fruit and aggregated into a 
large, dense, globular head. 

T. pomiferum Raf. Osage Orange. A small tree with ridged, 
yellowish-brown bark ; leaves puberulent when young, becoming 
smooth and shining with age, ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate at 
the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, entire, petioled ; stami- 
nate racemes about 1 in. long ; pistillate flower clusters about 1 in. 
in diameter ; fruit yellowish, tubercled, 3-4 in. in diameter. In rich 
soil. April-May ; fruiting in October or November. Native in 
Texas and extensively planted for hedges. Wood very durable 
when exposed to the weather, and used for fence posts. As the 
wood does not swell or shrink with changes in its moisture, it is 
valued highly for wheel hubs, etc. 



III. BROUSSONETIA. 

Small trees with milky juice ; leaves alternate, petioled ; 
flowers dioecious ; staminate in cylindrical spikes, with a4-cleft 
calyx, 4 stamens and a rudimentary ovary ; pistillate flowers 
in capitate clusters, calyx 3-4-toothed, ovary stalked, style 
2-cleft, fruit in a globular head. 

B. papyrifera (L.) Vent. Paper Mulberry. A round-headed 
tree with yellowish-brown bark ; leaves cordate, often irregularly 
2-3-lobed, serrate, rough above, tomentose beneath, long-petioled ; 
staminate spikelets peduncled, 2-3 in. long; pistillate heads stout, 
peduncled, about 1 in. in diameter. April-May. Introduced from 
Asia and very common about old dooryards. 



58 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



IV. HUMULUS. 

Perennial, herbaceous twining vines with watery juice ; 
leaves opposite, palmately veined ; flowers dioecious ; staminate 
flowers in loose axillary panicles, calyx 5-parted, stamens 5, 
erect in the bud ; pistillate flowers in short axillary and soli- 
tary spikes, 2 flowers in the axil of each bract ; perianth 
entire, stigmas 2, filiform. 

H. Lupulus L. Hop-vixe. Stem rough, twining high, leaves 
rough, palmately 3-7-cleft or lobed, serrate, petiole nearly as long as 
the leaf; staminate panicles 3-5 in. long, pistillate panicles (hops) 
li-2 in. long in fruit, and then consisting of the greatly enlarged 
calyces and bracts enclosing the small achenes ; fruiting parts sprin- 
kled with yellow, aromatic, resinous grains, which give the hops 
their peculiar value. June-July. 

Ficus cakica L., the cultivated fig, also belongs to this family. 

28. URTICACEiE. NETTLE FAMILY. 

Herbs with watery juice, stem and leaves often clothed 
with stinging hairs ; undivided, stipulate leaves ; small, green- 
ish, imperfect, apetalons flowers in axillary clusters ; calyx of 
the staminate flowers, 4-5-parted or 4-5-sepalous ; stamens 
as many as the sepals and opposite them, filaments inflexed 
in the bud and straightening at maturity, anthers 2-celled ; 
calyx of pistillate flowers 2-4-sepalous ; ovary sessile, 1-celled, 
stigma simple or tufted ; fruit an achene commonly enclosed 
in the dry, persistent calyx. 

I. URTICA. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves with stinging hairs, 
opposite, petioled, several-nerved, dentate, or incised, stipu- 
late ; flowers monoecious or dioecious ; calyx of the staminate 
flowers 4-parted, stamens 4, inserted around a rudimentary 
ovary ; pistillate flowers with 4 unequal sepals, the inner 
ones dilated in fruit; achenes smooth, compressed. 

1. U. dioica L. Large Stinging Nettle. Perennial; stem 
and leaves very bristly, stem stout, 2-3 ft. tall, 4-angled, pubescent 



DICOTYLEDONS. 59 

above ; leaves cordate, acute at the apex, coarsely serrate, 3-nerved, 
downy beneath, petioles slender, shorter than the blades ; stipules 
lanceolate ; flowers in much-branched, panicled spikes, mostly dioe- 
cious. June-July. In waste places, especially on rich soil. 

2. U. urens L. Small Nettle. Annual; stem stout, 4-angled, 
hairy, 12-18 in. tall, with few stinging hairs ; branches slender ; leaves 
elliptical or ovate, serrate or incised, 3-5-nerved, acute or obtuse 
at the ends, thin, hairy, petioles often as long as the blades ; stipules 
short ; flower clusters axillary, in pairs, loose, mostly shorter than 
the petioles. February-May. On damp soil in waste places. 



II. BCEHMERIA. 

Perennial herbs, with opposite or alternate, petioled, 3-nerved 
leaves, destitute of stinging hairs ; flowers monoecious or dioe- 
cious, in axillary clusters, similar to those of Urtica. 

B. cylindrica (L.) Willd. False Nettle. Stem erect, branch- 
ing, pubescent, 1-3 ft. tall ; leaves often opposite and alternate on 
the same plant, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, 
rounded and 3-nerved at the base, coarsely serrate with rounded 
teeth, thin ; flowers in axillary spikes ; staminate spikes often leafy 
near the summit, sometimes as long as the leaves ; pistillate spikes 
short, compact. June-July. Common in moist thickets. 



29. LORANTHACE^E. MISTLETOE FAMILY. 

Parasitic shrubs or herbs; leaves opposite, coriaceous, with- 
out stipules ; flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered or 
solitary; perianth of both calyx and corolla, or of a calyx 
only, or sometimes wanting ; calyx tube adherent to the ovary, 
sepals 2-8 ; stamens as many as the sepals, and opposite 
them ; ovary 1-celled, ovule 1 ; fruit a berry. 

PHORADENDRON. 

Evergreen, shrubby plants, parasitic on trees ; branches 
greenish, jointed, and very brittle ; leaves coriaceous ; flowers 
dioecious, in short, jointed spikes ; staminate flowers globular, 
calyx 2-4-lobed, stamens sessile at the base of the lobes, 



60 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

anthers transversely 2-celled ; pistillate flowers with the ovary 
inferior, stigma sessile ; berry 1-seeded. 

P. flavescens (Pursh.) Nutt. Mistletoe. Very round, bushy, 
branches very brittle at the joints, opposite or whorled, 6 in.-2 ft. 
long; leaves flat, coriaceous or somewhat fleshy, nearly veinless, 
obovate, entire, with short petioles ; flowering spikes solitary or 2-3 
together in the axils of the leaves ; berry globose, white, glutinous. 
April-May. Parasitic on many deciduous trees. 



30. ARISTOLOCHIACEiE. BTRTHWORT FAMILY. 

Herbaceous plants, acaulescent or with twining and leafy 
stems ; leaves alternate, exstipulate, petioled, mostly round- 
ish or reniform ; flowers axillary, solitary or clustered, per- 
fect, regular or irregular ; calyx tubular, 3 or 6-lobed, usually 
colored ; petals none ; stamens 6-12, inserted on the ovary ; 
pistils 1, ovary mostly 6-celled, many-seeded. 

I. ASARUM. 

Perennial, acaulescent, aromatic herbs with slender, branch- 
ing rootstocks ; leaves long-petioled, from reniform to hastate ; 
flowers axillary, peduncled ; calyx regular, 3-lobed, withering- 
persistent ; stamens 12, the filaments partially united with 
the style and usually prolonged beyond the anthers ; ovary 
6-celled with parietal placentae, many-seeded ; mature capsule 
globose, often somewhat fleshy. 

1. A. Virginictjm L. Virginia As arum. Leaves evergreen, 
1-3 to each plant, glabrous, mottled, round-cordate, entire, 2-3 in. 
long and broad ; petioles glabrous or pubescent along one side, 3-7 
in. long ; flowers nearly sessile, greenish without, dull purple within, 
|— | in. long, tube inflated below, narrowed at the throat, lobes spread- 
ing. April-May. Rich, shady woods in the upper districts. 

2. A. arifolium Michx. Ginger-root. Leaves cordate or 
halberd-shaped, 2-4 in. long, usually mottled; petioles pubescent, 
3-8 in. long; flowers pitcher-shaped, about 1 in. long, peduncled, 
dark purple within, lobes short and rounded. March- April. Shady 
woods in the lower districts. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 61 



II. ARISTOLOCHIA. 

Erect or twining perennial herbs or woody vines ; leaves- 
alternate, cordate at the base, palmately nerved, petiolate, 
entire; flowers irregular, solitary or in small clusters; calyx, 
more or less adherent to the ovary, tubular, irregular ; sta- 
mens mostly 6, sessile, adnate to the angled and fleshy 3-6- 
lobed or angled stigma ; capsule naked, 6-valved, seeds very 
numerous. 

1. A. Serpentaria L. Virginia Snakeroot. Stem erect, 
branching, pubescent, 10-18 in. high ; leaves short-petioled, ovate to 
linear-lanceolate, cordate or hastate at the base, thin, smooth ; lower 
leaves scale-like ; flowers near the base of the stem on bracted pedun- 
cles ; calyx tubular, bent like the letter S, inflated below, then con- 
tracted, again enlarging at the throat, limb short, spreading, 3-lobed, 
dull purple ; anthers in pairs ; capsule subglobose, ridged. June- 
July. Rich, shady woods. The aromatic-stimulant root often used 
in medicine. 

2. A. tomentosa Sims. Dutchman's Pipe. Stem woody, 
climbing high, branches and leaves tomentose ; leaves cordate, 
prominently veined, 3-5 in. long and broad; flowers axillary, mostly 
solitary, on slender peduncles ; calyx bent in the shape of a pipe, 
yellowish-green with a dark purple throat, limb unequally 3-lobed, 
rugose, reflexed ; anthers in pairs below the 3 spreading lobes of the 
stigma; capsule oblong. April-May. Stems sometimes 30 feet 
long. 

31. POLYGONACEJE. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees ; leaves simple, usually entire and 
alternate, but sometimes opposite ; stipules commonly mem- 
branaceous, and sheathing the swollen joints of the stem, but 
sometimes wanting; flowers small, perfect, monoecious or 
dioecious ; calyx of 2-6 sepals which are often more or less 
united, sometimes petal-like and persistent ; petals none ; 
stamens 4-12, inserted on the base of the calyx ; ovary 
single, 1-celled, styles or stigmas 2-3 ; fruit a lenticular or 
3-angled achene. 



62 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



I. RUMEX. 

Annual or perennial herbs, stems grooved, usually branch- 
ing above ; leaves alternate, hastate-lobed or entire ; flowers 
perfect or polygamo-dioecious, in whorls on jointed pedicels ; 
calyx of 6 sepals, the outer 3 being usually colored and petal- 
like, while the inner 3 form a persistent, winged, 3-valved 
covering for the fruit ; stamens 6 ; styles 3, stigmas many- 
cleft. 

1. E. Acetosella L. Sheep Sorrel. Erect, annual or 
perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks ; stem simple or branched, 
glabrous*; leaves petioled, narrowly hastate, usually widest above 
the middle, the apex acute or obtuse, upper stem leaves often nearly 
linear, and not lobed ; flowers dioecious, small, in terminal, naked, 
panicled, interrupted racemes ; calyx greenish ; the pistillate panicles 
becoming reddish ; fruit less than ^ in. long, granular, longer than 
the calyx. April- August. A common introduced weed, in dry fields 
and on sour soils. Foliage very acid. 

2. R. verticillatus L. Swamp Dock. Perennial ; stem 
stout, smooth, erect or ascending, 3-5 ft. tall ; lower leaves oblong, 
obtuse at the apex and usually cordate at the base, long-petioled, 
often 12-18 in. long, upper leaves narrower and often acute at both 
ends ; flowers perfect or polygamous, in dense whorls, pedicels slen- 
der, J— § in. long, tapering downward, reflexed at maturity ; calyx 
green, the valves broadly deltoid, abruptly pointed, reticulated, a 
distinct, long and narrow tubercle on the back of each. May-June. 
Swamps and wet ground. 

3. R. obtusifolius L. Bitter Dock. Perennial ; stem erect, 
stout, branched and somewhat roughened above, 2-4 ft. tall ; lower 
leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, long- 
petioled ; the upper leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, acute at 
each end, short-petioled, often wavy on the margin ; flowers perfect 
or polygamous, in open, panicled racemes, the lower whorls scattered, 
the upper more crowded ; pedicels slender, a little longer than the 
fruit ; wings hastate, \ in. long, with a few spiny teeth on the mar- 
gins, and at least one of them prominently tubercled on the back. 
May- August. A common naturalized weed on rich soil. 



II. POLYGONUM. 

Animal or perennial, terrestrial or aquatic herbs, with tumid 
joints and simple, alternate, entire leaves ; the sheathing stip- 



DICOTYLEDONS. 63 

ules (ochreae) often lacerate or fringed; flowers perfect, usu- 
ally white or rose-colored, each flower or cluster subtended 
by a membranaceous bract similar to the ochreae of the 
leaves ; calyx mostly 5-parted, the divisions petal-like, erect 
and persistent ; stamens 3-9 ; styles 2-3-parted ; fruit lenticu- 
lar or 3-angied. 

1. P. Persicaria L. Lady's Tear-thumb. Annual; stem 
erect or ascending, simple or branched, nearly or quite smooth, 12- 
18 in. tall; leaves lanceolate or oblong, short-petioled, roughened on 
the edges and veins, punctate, usually marked with a dark, triangu- 
lar spot near the middle ; ochreae bristly ciliate ; flowers in erect, 
densely flowered spikes or racemes 1-2 in. long, rose-color to dark 
purple, peduncles smooth ; achenes lenticular or 3-angled, smooth and 
shining. June— July. Around dwellings. 

2. P. punctatum Ell. Water Smartweed. Perennial; stem 
creeping and rooting at the base, nearly smooth, slender, 1-3 ft. 
long ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acuminate at the apex, nearly 
sessile, rough on the margins and nerves, dotted with pellucid 
glands; juice acrid; ochreae oblique, silvery, fringed with long bris- 
tles ; racemes terminal, slender, loosely flowered, 2-3 in. long ; flow- 
ers greenish; stamens 8; style 3-parted; achene sharply 3-angled, 
smooth and shining. June-September. Common in ditches and 
wet places. 

3. P. orientate L. Prince's Feather. Annual ; stem hairy, 
branching above, 3-5 ft. tall ; leaves ovate or oblong, acuminate 
at the apex, ciliate, petioled ; ochreae cylindrical, usually with a 
spreading border ; flowers in long racemes, bright rose-color, showy ; 
stamens 7 ; style 2-cleft ; achene flat, ovate or orbicular, flnely 
reticulated and not shining. June-September. Around dwellings ; 
escaped from cultivation. 

4. P. aviculare L. Knot-grass. Annual or perennial ; stem 
prostrate or ascending, diffuse, glabrous, G-24 in. long; leaves small, 
lanceolate or linear-oblong, obtuse, nearly or quite sessile ; ochreae 
scarious, 2-3-cleft or lacerate ; flower clusters axillary, 1-5-flowered, 
flowers inconspicuous, nearly sessile ; calyx greenish-white, 5-parted, 
the lobes with white or colored borders ; stamens 5-8 ; style 3-parted ; 
achene 3-angled, not shining. May-September. A common weed 
in dooryards and where the ground is tramped. 

5. P. dumetorum L. False Buckwheat. Perennial ; stems 
slender, twining, branched, 2-10 ft. long ; leaves ovate, acuminate at 
the apex, cordate to halberd-shaped at the base, long-petioled ; ochreae 
cylindrical, truncate ; flowers in axillary, more or less compound and 
leafy racemes ; calyx greenish-white, the outer lobes winged and 
decurrent on the pedicel ; stamens 8 ; stigmas 3 ; achene 3-angled, 



64 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

black, smooth and shining. May-September. Margins of fields and 
thickets. 

6. P. hirsutum Walt. Hairy Smartweed. Perennial; stems 
erect, branching, hirsute with spreading hairs, 2-3 ft. tall; leaves 
lanceolate, rounded at the base, hairy, especially on the margins and 
veins, nearly sessile ; ochreee hirsute, margin with a fringe of long 
hairs ; flowering spike linear, erect, rather closely flowered ; calyx 
white ; stamens 8 ; achene 3-angled. June- August. Common about 
ponds in pine barrens. 



III. BRUNNICHIA. 

Perennial ; stem smooth, climbing by tendrils at the ends 
of the branches ; leaves alternate, entire, petioled ; ochrese 
small or wanting ; flowers greenish, in axillary and terminal 
racemes, on slender pedicels ; calyx 5-parted, becoming much 
enlarged, and almost woody in fruit ; stamens usually 8 ; 
styles 3 ; mature achene 3-angled, enclosed by the persistent 
calyx. 

B. cirrhosa Banks. Brunnichia. Stem somewhat woody, 
climbing 15-20 ft. ; leaves ovate or cordate, slightly pubescent 
beneath ; sheaths obsolete ; racemes drooping, 2-6 in. long ; flowers 
in clusters of 2-5, pedicels recurved ; mature fruit coriaceous, 1 in. 
or more in length. April-May. River banks. 



32. CHENOPODIACEJE. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 

Annual, or perennial by a slightly woody rootstock ; leaves 
simple, alternate or opposite, exstipulate ; flowers perfect, 
polygamous, monoecious or dioecious, small, greenish, some- 
times irregular, occasionally solitary in the axils but usually 
in panicled spikes ; calyx 2-5-lobed or sometimes a single 
sepal ; petals none ; stamens as many as the lobes of the 
calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer; ovary free 
from the calyx, 1-celled, styles 1-3 ; fruit a utricle. A family 
containing many common weeds, some of which are immi- 



DICOTYLEDONS. 65 

grants from tropical countries, and also the common garden 
beet {Beta vulgaris), which is a native of Europe. 



I. CHENOPODIUM. 

Annual or perennial herbs; stems erect or diffuse; leaves 
alternate, usually white-mealy ; flowers small, greenish, in 
panicled spikes ; calyx 3-5-parted, the lobes often slightly 
fleshy and keeled ; stamens 5, filaments filiform ; styles 2-3, 
distinct or united at the base ; seed lenticular. 

1. C. album L. Pigweed. Annual; stem erect, branching, 
striate or furrowed, 1-5 ft. tall ; leaves rhombic-ovate, acute at the 
base, irregularly toothed, or the upper becoming narrower and entire, 
more or less coated with white powder ; petiole nearly as long as 
the blade ; flowers in small, panicled spikes ; calyx 5-angled, sepals 
strongly keeled ; seed black and shining. June-September. A com- 
mon weed in cultivated ground. 

2. C. axthelminticum L. Wormseed. Perennial ; stem stout, 
erect, much branched, 2-4 ft. tall ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute 
at each end, coarsely and sharply toothed or incised, upper leaves 
smaller ; flowers very numerous, in linear, panicled spikes which are 
often leafy-bracted ; calyx not keeled ; seeds with obtuse margins, 
smooth and shiny ; whole plant very aromatic-fragrant. July-Sep- 
tember. In waste places. 



II. SALICORNIA. 

Herbs, annual or perennial ; stems fleshy, glabrous, 
branches opposite, jointed ; leaves reduced to small, opposite 
scales; flowers perfect, 3-6 together, sunken into the upper 
joints of the stem, forming terminal spikes ; calyx thin, 
becoming spongy in fruit ; stamens 1-2 ; styles or stigmas 2 ; 
fruit a utricle enclosed in the spongy calyx ; whole plant 
salty to the taste. 

1. S. ambigua Michx. Glasswort. Perennial ; stem slightly 
shrubby at the base, the branches ascending or erect, nearly simple, 
joints truncate, dilated above, slightly 2-toothed ; fruiting spikes 
cylindrical or obtuse, ^-1^ in. long, the terminal ones sessile, the 
lateral peduncled. July-September. Salt marshes along the coast. 



66 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



III. SALSOLA. 

Herbs, annual or perennial; stems diffusely branched; 
leaves alternate, fleshy ; flowers solitary in the axils, sessile, 
perfect, 2-bracted ; calyx 5-parted, the lobes becoming winged ; 
stamens 5 ; style slender, stigmas 2 ; utricle flattened at the 
apex, enclosed in the persistent calyx. 

S. Kali L. Saltwort. Annual ; stem very diffuse, smooth or 
slightly pubescent, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves dull or grayish-green, succu- 
lent, subulate, spine-tipped, ^-1 in. long ; flowers solitary in the axils ; 
the calyx with a dilated, membranaceous, rose-colored wing. June- 
September. Sandy sea beaches. 



33. AMARANTACEiE. AMARANTH FAMILY. 

Usually herbs, or a few species becoming shrubby ; leaves 
simple, alternate or opposite, exstipulate ; flowers perfect or 
imperfect, mostly greenish and inconspicuous and crowded in 
bracted spikes or heads ; sepals 3-5, free or united at the 
base ; petals none ; stamens 1-5, opposite the sepals, fila- 
ments distinct or united ; pistil 1, ovary subglobose, 1-celled, 
1-seeded ; fruit a utricle, usually circumscissile. 

I. AMARANTUS. 

4 

Herbs, annual ; stems erect or diffuse ; leaves alternate, 
usually petioled, entire and mucronate ; flowers greenish or 
purplish, crowded in dense axillary and terminal spikes or 
clusters ; sepals 2-5, distinct ; stamens 2-5 ; stigmas 2-3, 
recurved ; utricle 2-3-toothed at the apex, circumscissile, 
usually enclosed by the calyx. 

1. A. hybridus L. Slender Pigweed. Annual; stem smooth 
or nearly so, erect, branching, 2-6 ft. tall, often purplish; leaves 
ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, notched or tapering at the apex, 
mucronate, pale beneath, petioles long and slender ; flowering spikes 
numerous, panicled, the terminal one long and slender, the others 
shorter ; sepals acuminate, shorter than the subulate bracts ; utricle 



DICOTYLEDONS. 67 



• 



slightly rugose. July-October. An introduced weed in waste 
ground. 

2. A. spinosus L. Spiny Amaranth. Annual ; stem smooth 
or slightly pubescent above, stout, erect, much branched, succulent, 
1-3 ft. tall ; leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute at both ends or some- 
times emarginate at the apex, blotched with purple above, long- 
petioled, spiny in the axils ; flowers in numerous capitate, nearly 
sessile clusters, the bracts, sepals, and utricle about equal in length. 
June-October. A troublesome weed from tropical America. 



II. FROELICHIA. 

Herbs, annual; stems slender, erect, branching above, 
woolly ; leaves opposite, entire, exstipulate ; flowers in dense 
spikes terminating the peduncle-like branches, perfect, 3- 
bracted; calyx tubular, 5-cleft, becoming spiny-tipped in 
fruit ; stamens 5, united into a tube ; ovary ovoid, stigma 
capitate or lacerate-fringed ; fruit a 1-seeded utricle enclosed 
by the calyx. 

F. Floridana (Nutt.) Moq. Froelichia. Stem 1-4 ft. tall, 
white-woolly, erect, branched and leafless above ; lower leaves spatu- 
late to lanceolate, long-petioled ; stem-leaves sessile and usually linear, 
entire ; flowering spikes from opposite branches, lengthening with 
age ; bracts blackish ; calyx very white-woolly. June-September. 
Dry, sandy ground, especially near the coast. 



34. PHYTOLACCACEJE. POKEWEED FAMILY. 

Herbs or shrubs ; leaves simple, alternate, entire, exstipu- 
late ; flowers in spikes or racemes ; calyx of 4-5 distinct 
sepals or 4-5-parted ; petals none ; stamens as many as the 
sepals and alternate with them, or more numerous ; pistil 1, 
simple or compound, ovules 1 in each cell ; fruit (in our spe- 
cies) a berry. 



68 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



PHYTOLACCA. 

Perennial herbs ; stems tall, branching ; leaves large, entire ; 
flowers small, in terminal racemes, pedicels bracted ; calyx of 
4-5 nearly equal, persistent sepals ; stamens 5-15, inserted at 
the base of the calyx ; styles 5-12, recurved at the apex ; fruit 
a depressed-globose, juicy berry. 

P. decandra L. Pokeweed. Stems erect, smooth, branched 
above, usually dark purple, 4-7 ft. tall ; root large, fleshy, poisonous ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, smooth, acute, long-petioled ; racemes pedun- 
cled, many-flowered, opposite the leaves, flowers white, becoming 
purplish ; stamens 10, shorter than the sepals ; styles 10, carpels 10 ; 
fruit a dark purple berry. June-September. A weed on waste 
ground. The young branches are often eaten like asparagus, and 
the root, known as " garget root," is used in medicine. 



35. PORTULACACEiE. PURSLANE FAMILY. 

Herbs ; stems fleshy or succulent ; leaves alternate or oppo- 
site ; flowers perfect, regular, unsymmetrical ; sepals com- 
monly 2, sometimes 5 ; petals 3-6, hypogynous, entire or 
emarginate ; stamens hypogynous, as many as the petals and 
opposite them, or indefinite ; pistil 1, styles 3-6, mostly 
united below, ovary 1-5-celled, few-many-seeded; fruit a 
membranaceous, circumscissile capsule. 



I. CLAYTONIA. 

Perennial ; stem simple, smooth, erect, 4-10 in. high ; 
leaves 2, opposite, smooth, succulent; flowers in a terminal 
raceme ; sepals 2, ovate, persistent ; petals 5, sometimes 
coherent at the base ; stamens 5, inserted on the base of the 
petals ; style 3-cleft, ovary 1-celled, 3-6-seeded. 

C. Virginica L. Spring Beauty. Stem simple, erect from a 
deep, tuberous root ; the 2 stem-leaves narrowly elliptical, 3-6 in. 
long, smooth, fleshy ; basal leaves occasionally produced ; flowers 



DICOTYLEDONS. 69 

on short pedicels, petals white or pink, with darker veins, £- § in. 
long, emarginate ; capsule shorter than the persistent sepals. March- 
April. Common in rich woods. 

II. PORTULACA. 

Annual ; stems low, diffuse and spreading, succulent ; leaves 
entire, mostly alternate ; flowers terminal ; sepals 2, united at 
the base and coherent with the ovary ; petals usually 5, in- 
serted on the calyx, fugacious ; stamens 8-20, inserted on the 
calyx ; style 3-8-parted, capsule globose, 1-celled, many- 
seeded. 

1. P. OLERACEA L. Purslane. Stems prostrate, diffuse, fleshy; 
leaves alternate, flat, obovate or cuneate ; flowers solitary, sessile, 
opening in bright sunshine in the morning, and usually withering 
before noon; sepals broad, acute; petals yellow; stamens 10-12; 
capsule very many-seeded, seeds small, rugose. April-October. A 
common garden weed. 

2. P. grandiflora Hook. Garden Portulaca. Stems suc- 
culent, erect or ascending, densely hairy or nearly smooth, 3-6 in. 
long ; leaves alternate, terete, fleshy, ^-1 in. long ; flowers 1-2 in. 
wide, white, yellow, or red, showy, opening only in sunlight. The 
summer months. Common in cultivation and often growing spon- 
taneously. 

36. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. PINK FAMILY. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; stems tumid at the nodes ; leaves 
opposite or whorled, often connate, entire ; stipules dry and 
scarious or none ; flowers cymose, usually perfect ; sepals 4- 
5, persistent, distinct or united into a tube ; petals as many 
as the sepals or none ; stamens as many as the sepals and 
opposite them, or twice as many, or sometimes fewer ; ovary 
1, free, usually 1-celled, sometimes 3-5-celled, placentae cen- 
tral, styles 2-5 ; fruit dry, 1-many-seeded. 

I. AGROSTEMMA. 

Annual ; stem pubescent, branching above ; leaves linear- 
lanceolate or linear, pubescent, sessile ; flowers showy, on 



70 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

long and naked peduncles in terminal corymbs ; calyx tubu- 
lar, the tube oblong, 10-ribbed, lobes elongated, foliaeeous, 
deciduous ; petals 5, shorter than the calyx lobes, entire ; 
stamens 10 ; styles 5, capsules 1-celled. 

A. Githago L. Corn Cockle. Stem erect, rather slender, 1- 
3 ft. tall, gray with long, appressed hairs ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate, erect, 2-4 in. long ; petals obovate, emarginate, purple ; 
capsule 54oothed, many-seeded, seeds black. June-July. An intro- 
duced weed, common in grain fields. 



II. SILENE. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; stems erect, or decumbent and 
diffuse ; leaves often connate or whorled ; flowers clustered 
or solitary, usually pink or white ; calyx tubular, more or less 
inflated, 5-toothed, 10-nerved, bractless ; petals 5, long-clawed, 
and, with the ten stamens, inserted at the base of the ovary ; 
styles 3, ovary 1-celled or 3-celled at the base, opening by 6 
teeth, many-seeded, seeds usually roughened. 

1. S. stellata (L.) Ait. Starry Campion. Perennial; stems 
erect, downy, branching above, 2-3 ft. tall ; leaves in whorls of 1, or 
the upper opposite, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, ciliate on 
the margins ; flowers in panicled cymes, white, f in. broad ; calyx 
inflated, bell-shaped, the teeth triangular ; petals fimbriate on the 
margin, crown less. June-July. Dry fields and woods, especially 
northward. 

2. S. Baldwixii Xutt. Baldwin's Pink. Perennial; stems 
low, slender, villous, producing long runners from the base, 6-12 in. 
high; leaves opposite, spatulate or oblong, sessile ; flowers large, 1^- 
2 in. wide, white or pale rose-colored, on slender pedicels ; calyx tubu- 
lar ; petals fimbriate on the margins, crownless. April-May. In 
low shady woods, especially southward. 

3. S. regia Sims. Royal Catchfly. Perennial ; stem stout, 
erect, viscid-pubescent, branched, 2-1 ft. tall ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
acute or acuminate, the lower petioled, the upper sessile ; flowers in a 
narrow panicle, bright scarlet, 1 in. broad, pedicels about ^ in. long ; 
calyx cylindrical, striate, enlarged by the ripening capsule, teeth 
ovate, acute ; petals emarginate or nearly entire, crowned ; stamens 
and style exserted. June-July. Open woods and prairies. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 71 



III. SAPONARIA. 

Annual or perennial ; stems erect or diffuse ; leaves usually 
broad ; cymes densely flowered ; calyx tubular, striate, 5- 
toothed ; petals 5, entire, appendaged ; stamens 10 ; styles 2 ; 
capsule 1-celled, 4-toothed at the apex. 

S. officinalis L. Bouncing Bet. Perennial ; stems stout, 
smooth, erect, sparingly branched, 1-2 ft. tall ; leaves ovate, acute, 
strongly 3-5-ribbed, petioles short, broad and somewhat connate ; 
flowers pink or white, 1 in. broad, showy, often double ; petals 
obcordate, crowned ; capsule shorter than the calyx. May-July. 
Naturalized about old gardens. 

IV. DIANTHUS. 

Mostly perennial; steins erect, rigid; leaves narrow, and 
usually connate ; flowers terminal, solitary or in cymose clus- 
ters ; calyx several-bracted at the base, tubular, striate, 5- 
toothed; petals 5, long-clawed, dentate or crenate; stamens 
10 ; Styles 2, ovary 1-celled, raised on a short stipe ; capsule 
cylindrical. 

D. barbatus L. Sweet William. Perennial, often in large 
clumps ; stems erect, branching above, smooth, 1-2 ft. tall ; leaves 
lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, acute ; flowers pink or white, in terminal 
clusters, bracts linear, as long as the calyx. May- August. Common 
about old gardens. 

V. CERASTIUM. 

Annual or perennial ; stems diffuse, usually pubescent ; 
leaves opposite ; flowers white, peduncled, in terminal, regu- 
larly forking cymes ; sepals 4-5 ; petals 4-5, emarginate or 
2-cleft ; stamens 10 ; styles 5 or less ; capsule cylindrical, 
1-celled, many-seeded. 

C. vulgatum L. Mouse-eared Chickweed. Annual or 
sometimes perennial ; stems diffuse, tufted, clammy-pubescent, 6-12 
in. high ; lower leaves spatulate, the upper oblong, acute or obtuse ; 
bracts scarious ; flowers in loose cymes, pedicels becoming much 
longer than the calyx ; sepals lanceolate, acute, about as long as the 
2-cleft petals ; slender capsule becoming twice as long as the calyx 
and curved upward. April-May. A common garden weed. 



72 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



37. NYMPHJEACEiE. WATER-LILY FAMILY. 

Perennial aquatic herbs ; rootstocks creeping in mud ; leaves 
entire, peltate or cordate, usually floating on the surface of 
the water; flowers solitary on long peduncles; sepals 3-5; 
petals 5-raany ; ovary 1, many-celled ; seeds often enclosed 
in a pulpy aril. 

I. NYMPH^A. 

Eootstock horizontal, thick, cylindrical ; leaves cordate, 
floating or erect ; flowers yellow ; sepals 4-6, green on the 
outside, obovate, concave ; petals many, hypogynous, the 
inner ones becoming small and stamen-like ; stamens many, 
hypogynous; ovary cylindrical, many-celled, stigma disk- 
shaped; fruit ovoid, seeds without an aril. 

N. advena Sol. Yellow Pond Lily. Leaves oval or orbicu- 
lar, rather thick, often pubescent beneath ; flowers bright yellow, 2- 
3 in. in diameter, depressed-globose ; sepals 6 ; petals thick and 
fleshy, truncate ; stamens in several rows, anthers nearly as long as 
the filaments. April-September. In slow streams and still water. 

II. CASTALIA. 

Eootstock horizontal, creeping extensively; leaves floating, 
entire, peltate or cordate ; flowers showy ; sepals 4, green 
without, white within ; petals many, white, becoming smaller 
toward the center ; stamens many, the outer with broad and 
the inner with linear filaments ; ovary many-celled, stigmas 
peltate and radiating ; fruit baccate, many-seeded. 

C. odorata (Dryand) W. & W. White Water-lily. Root- 
stock large, branched but little ; leaves floating, entire, the sinus 
narrow and basal lobes acute, green and smooth above, purple and 
pubescent beneath ; petioles and peduncles slender ; flowers white, 
very fragrant, opening in the morning, 3-5 in. broad ; fruit globose, 
seeds enclosed in a membranaceous aril. May-July. In ponds and 
still water. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 



III. NELUMBO. 



Rootstock thick, creeping ; leaves orbicular, centrally pel- 
tate, concave above, raised above the water or floating; 
flowers solitary on long peduncles, raised above the water at 
flowering, but the maturing ovaries often submersed ; flowers 
hypogynous ; sepals and petals similar, numerous ; filaments 
somewhat petal-like ; seeds in pits in the upper surface of the 
top-shaped receptacle. 

N. lutea (Willd.) Pers. American Lotus. Rootstock often 
3-4 in, in diameter, horizontal ; leaves lj-2 J ft. broad, prominently 
ribbed, very glaucous above, often pubescent beneath ; petioles and 
peduncles stout ; flowers pale yellow, 5-9 in. broad ; sepals and 
petals falling quickly ; fruit top-shaped, 3-4 in. in diameter ; the 
seeds J in. in diameter, immersed in pits in the upper surface. May- 
August. In ponds ; introduced from the southwest. 



38. MAGNOLIACEiE. MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs; all parts more or less aromatic; leaves 
alternate, simple, petioled, entire or lobed ; flowers solitary, 
large and showy, hypogynous ; sepals and petals in 3's ; sta- 
mens many; ovaries numerous, usually cohering over the 
elongated receptacle ; fruit dry or fleshy. 

I. MAGNOLIA. 

Aromatic trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, often in clus- 
ters at the ends of the branches, entire, usually thick and 
leathery ; stipules large, quickly deciduous ; flowers terminal, 
showy, perfect ; sepals 3, caducous ; petals 6-12, in 2-4 rows, 
concave ; stamens numerous ; ovaries numerous, 1-celled, 2- 
seeded, the mature follicles opening at the beak and the 
fleshy seeds remaining for some time suspended by slender 
threads. 

1. M. fcetida (L.) Sarg. Large-flowered Magnolia. A 
large tree with spreading branches and a rounded top ; bark nearly 
smooth ; leaves very thick, evergreen, smooth and shining above, 



74 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

rusty-pubescent beneath, entire, oval or oblong, 6-9 in. long ; flowers 
white, very fragrant, 6-9 in. in diameter ; petals 9 or more, obovate, 
concave ; fruit a rusty-pubescent cone 3-4 in. long, seeds bright 
scarlet. April- June. Common on light soils. The name is very 
inappropriate, as the fragrance is delightful and the tree one of the 
most attractive native species. 

2. M. Fraseri Walt. Long-leaved Umbrella Tree. A 
small tree with a slender trunk and widely spreading branches ; leaves 
clustered at the ends of the branches, deciduous, oblong or obovate, 
contracted, cordate and auricled at the base, smooth on both sides, 
8-12 in. long ; petioles slender ; flowers white and fragrant, 6 in. 
broad; petals longer than the sepals, spatulate or oblong, obtuse at 
the apex, narrowed at the base ; cone 3-4 in. long, pink at maturity. 
May-June. In rich woods. 

3. M. macrophylla Michx. Large-leaved Umbrella Tree. 
A small tree with gray bark ; leaves clustered at the ends of the 
branches, oblong or obovate, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, 
green and glabrous above, white and pubescent beneath, 1^-3 ft. 
long; petioles stout; flowers white with a purple center, fragrant, 
8-12 in. wide; petals oblong, obtuse, two or three times as long as 
the sepals ; cone ovate, 4-6 in. long, bright red at maturity. April- 
May. Shady woods on light soil. 

4. M. Virginiana L. Sweet Bay. A small tree with light 
gray bark; leaves scattered on the branches, evergreen, thick and 
leathery, oval or oblong, smooth and green above, w T hite and glaucous 
or pubescent beneath, 4-6 in. long; flowers white, fragrant, 2-3 in. 
in diameter; petals 9, concave; cone 1£— 2 in. long, pink. May-June. 
Common in swamps and along streams. The leaves often used in 
flavoring soups, etc. 

II. ILLICIUM. 

Aromatic shrubs ; leaves evergreen, clustered at the ends 
of the branches, entire, exstipulate ; flowers perfect ; sepals 
3 or 6; petals 9-30 in rows of 3 ; stamens numerous, short ; 
ovaries 6-9, whorled, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, at length spreading. 

I. Florid anum Ellis. Anise. A slender, spreading shrub, 5-10 
ft. high ; bark reddish-brown ; leaves leathery, oblong-lanceolate, 
acute, smooth, 4-6 in. long; flowers on long peduncles in terminal 
clusters; petals many, lanceolate or linear, spreading, dark purple, 
^-| in. long ; mature fruit a whorl of 12-20 divergent, 1-seeded folli- 
cles. April-May. In sandy swamps. Whole plant very aromatic. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 75 



III. LIRIODENDRON. 

A large tree with rough, dark-colored bark ; leaves scattered 
on the branches, deciduous, 3-lobed, truncate, stipulate, peti- 
oled ; flowers perfect ; sepals 3, reflexed ; petals 6, erect ; 
stamens numerous ; ovaries numerous, 2-ovuled, cohering over 
each other on the elongated receptacle, indehiscent, deciduous. 

L. tulipifera L. Tulip Tree. The largest tree in the family; 
leaves orbicular in outline, mostly 3-lobed, the terminal lobe truncate 
or broadly notched, usually cordate at the base, glabrous, green 
above, lighter beneath ; petioles slender ; flowers terminal, bell- 
shaped, greenish-yellow striped with orange ; petals obovate, obtuse, 
about as long as the sepals ; mature cones ovate, acute, 2-3 in. long. 
May-June. Common on low ground. Often called " white wood " 
or, incorrectly, " white poplar." Wood valuable for making boxes 
and light furniture. 

39. ANONACEiE. CUSTARD- APPLE FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, entire, exstipulate 
leaves ; flowers perfect, axillary, solitary, hypogynous ; sepals 
2-3, persistent ; petals 6, in 2 rows, deciduous ; stamens 
many ; ovaries few or many, distinct or coherent, becoming 
fleshy in fruit. 

ASIMINA. 

Shrubs or small trees ; leaves deciduous ; flowers nodding ■; 
sepals 3, ovate; petals 6, the three outer ones larger and 
spreading; stamens very numerous, crowded on the globular 
receptacle ; ovaries 3-15, sessile, 1 -celled, several-ovuled ; 
fruit a large, fleshy, oblong berry, seeds large, horizontal. 

1. A. triloba (L.) Dunal. Pawpaw. A small tree, 10-20 ft. 
high ; bark nearly smooth, lead-colored ; leaves oblong-obovate, acute 
at the apex, obtuse at the base, rusty-pubescent when young and 
becoming smoother with age, 6-10 in. long ; flowers on branches of 
the previous season, appearing before or with the leaves ; the short 
peduncles and the sepals brown-pubescent ; petals purple, obovate, 
3-4 times longer than the sepals; fruit 3-5 in. long, edible when 
ripe. March-April. Common on banks of streams. The bark is 
very tough and is often used in the place of rope. 



76 



ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



2. A. parviflora (Michx.) Dunal. Dwarf Pawpaw. A shrub 
2-4 ft. high ; leaves oblong-obovate, abruptly acute, rusty-pubescent 
when young ; flowers greenish-purple, on shoots of the previous sea- 
son ; outer petals obovate, twice the length of the sepals, the inner 
petals narrower and shorter ; fruit oblong or pear-shaped, few-seeded, 
not edible. March- April. In dry woods. 



40. RANUNCULACEJE. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 



Herbs or woody climbing vines, with a watery, acrid juice ; 
leaves alternate, usually divided or compound ; petioles dilated 
at the base ; stipules none ; flowers perfect, regular or irreg- 
ular, hypogynous ; sepals 3-15, deciduous, often petal-like ; 
petals 5-15, deciduous, often wanting ; stamens many ; ova- 
ries distinct, usually numerous, but sometimes few, 1-celled, 
1-many-seeded ; fruit dry or fleshy. 



Flowers irregular 
Flowers regular. 
Fruit a berry . 
Fruit an achene. 

Achenia plumose-tailed 
Achenia ribbed. 
Flowers perfect 
Flowers imperfect . 
Achenia not ribbed. 
Sepals petaloid. 

Involucre near the flow 
Involucre remote . 
Sepals herbaceous . 
Fruit a 2-seeded follicle . 
Fruit several-seeded follicles 
Follicles 2 . 
Follicles 5 or more. 
Leaves simple . 
Leaves compound . 



V. Delphinium. 

III. Actsea. 

IX. Clematis. 

VIII. Syndesmon. 
XL Thalictrum. 



VII. Hepatica. 

VI. Anemone. 

X. Ranunculus. 

II. Isopyrum. 

XII. Pseonia. 

I. Caltha. 

IV. Aquilegia. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 77 



I. CALTHA. 



Perennial aquatic herbs ; leaves undivided ; sepals 5-9, 
petal-like; petals none; pistils 5-15, stigmas sessile; ovaries 
many-seeded. 

C. palustris L. Marsh Marigold. Stem thick, smooth, hol- 
low, furrowed, 10-15 in. high ; leaves long-petioled, round or broadly 
reniform, smooth, thick, toothed or nearly entire ; flowers bright 
yellow, showy, lj in. broad; stamens numerous; follicles oblong, 
pointless, compressed, many-seeded. April-May. In wet meadows 
and swamps. More common northward. 



II. ISOPYRUM. 

Perennial from small tubers ; stem slender, smooth ; leaves 
alternate, compound ; flowers axillary and terminal, solitary, 
white ; sepals 4-6 ; petals minute or wanting ; pistils 2-20 ; 
follicles sessile, 2-seeded. 

I. biternatum T. & G. Spring Beauty. Stem erect, rarely 
branched, 6-10 in. high; radical leaves on long petioles, twice 3-com- 
pound ; stem leaves sessile, ternate ; leaflets ovate or obovate, 2-3- 
lobed ; flowers white, 1 in. wide ; sepals oval, petal-like ; petals none ; 
stamens many ; pistils 3-6 ; follicles spreading at maturity, pointed. 
April-May. Shady woods. Resembling Syndesmon thai ictro ides in 
general appearance, but distinguished by the ovary being 2-seeded. 



III. ACTJEA. 

Perennial ; stem simple ; leaves 2-3-ternate ; leaflets ovate, 
sharply cut or toothed ; flowers white, in a short and thick 
terminal raceme ; sepals 4-5, soon deciduous ; petals 4-10, 
small; pistil single, stigma 2-lobed; fruit a many-seeded 
berry. 

A. alba Bigel. Baxeberry. Stem erect, smooth or nearly so, 
18-24 in. high ; leaves large and spreading; leaflets thin; racemes 
very broad ; petals slender, truncate ; pedicels red, thickened in 
fruiting ; berries white. May- June. In rich woods ; more common 
in the mountain regions. 



78 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



IV. AQUILEGIA. 

Perennial herbs ; stems erect, branching, 1-2 ft, high ; leaves 
compound ; flowers showy/ nodding ; sepals 5, colored ; petals 
5, prolonged downward as a hollow, curved spur ; stamens 
numerous, the inner ones longer ; pistils 5 ; follicles many- 
seeded. 

1. A. Canadensis L. Columbine. (Sometimes wrongly called 
honeysuckle.) Stems several or many in a clump, branching, smooth 
or» slightly pubescent, leafy ; radical leaves long-petioled, biternate ; 
stem leaves short-petioled, tern ate; leaflets roundish or obovate, 
lobed ; flowers terminal or somewhat corymbed, large and showy, 
scarlet and yellow; sepals ovate, acute; petals horn-shaped, attached 
by one edge of the mouth ; stamens and styles exserted ; follicles 
erect and somewhat divergent at maturity. April-May. Rocky 
woods and river banks. 

2. A. vulgaris L. European Columbine. Very similar to 
A. Canadensis, but with spurs shorter and more curved, and the 
stamens less exserted ; flowers white, blue, or purple, and often double. 
Common in cultivation. 



V. DELPHINIUM. 

Animal or perennial herbs ; stem erect, simple, or branched ; 
leaves alternate, petioled, palmately divided; flowers in ter- 
minal racemes or panicles, showy ; sepals 5, colored, irregular, 
the upper one prolonged into a spur ; petals 4, unequal, the 
two upper ones with long spurs which are enclosed in the 
spur of the upper sepal, the other two short-stalked ; pistils 
1-5, ovaries many-seeded. 

1. D. azureum Michx. Blue Larkspur. Perennial; stem 
usually simple, slender, downy, 1-2 ft. high; leaves 2-3 in. wide, 
3-5-parted, the divisions cleft into 3-5 narrow, toothed, or entire 
lobes ; flowers in a strict, many-flowered, terminal raceme, showy, 
blue, spur ascending, curved; lower petals bearded, 2-cleft; pods 
erect. April-June. On rich soil in open places. 

2. D. Consolida L. Garden Larkspur. Annual; stem branch- 
ing, 3-4 ft. high ; leaves cut and divided into narrowly linear lobes ; 
racemes loosely flowered ; flowers blue ; petals somewhat united ; 
pistil single. June-September. Introduced and naturalized in many 
places. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 79 



VI. ANEMONE. 

Perennial herbs, with naked stems bearing opposite or 
whorled and divided leaves which form an involucre below 
the flowers : sepals 4-20, petal-like, soon deciduous ; petals 
none ; stamens very numerous ; achenia capitate, pointed, or 
tailed. 

1. A. nemorosa L. Wood Anemone. Stem simple, from a 
slender rootstock, smooth or slightly pubescent, 4-6 in. high, bearing 
a single flower about 1 in. broad; leaves 3, long-petioled, trifoliate, 
the divisions ovate-lanceolate or wedge-shaped, toothed, lobed or 
parted, about as long as the peduncle ; sepals 4-6, oval, white or 
often purple-tinged on the outside; achenia 15-20, with a hooked 
beak. March- April. Common in open woods. 

2. A. Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Anemone. Stem sim- 
ple, from a roundish tuber, slightly pubescent, 6-12 in. high, bearing 
a single flower about 1 in. broad ; root leaves 2-3, long-petioled, 
ternate, the divisions cut or lobed ; stem leaves sessile, ternate, the 
divisions cuneate ; sepals 12-20, white ; head of fruit becoming 
oblong ; achenia woolly. March-April. In open woods. 

3. A. Virginiana L. Virginia Anemone. Stems at first 
simple, but finally bearing several long peduncles which may be 
again forked, hairy or woolly, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves of the first in- 
volucre 3, on long petioles, 3-parted, those of the secondary involu- 
cres 2, the divisions toothed or lobed ; root leaves 2-4, similar to 
those of the involucres ; flower §— | in. wide ; sepals 5, greenish- 
white, oval, acute ; achenia woolly, in an oblong head. June- 
September. In open woods and fields. 



VII. HEPATICA. 

Perennial herbs, with flowers and fruit like those of 
Anemone, but with simple stems and with the 3-leaved in- 
volucre so close to the flowers as to resemble a calyx. 

H. triloba Choix. Liver-leaf. Stem erect, hairy, 3-6 in. 
high ; involucre of 3 ovate, entire, sessile leaves ; radical leaves 
long-petioled, 3-lobed, lobes entire ; sepals 6-9, blue, purplish or 
white ; flowers about 1 in. wide ; achenia several, ovate, pointed, 
hairy. February-March. In rich, shady woods. 



80 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



VIII. SYNDESMON. 

Small, perennial herbs ; leaves decompound, glabrous, those 
from the root long-petioled, those of the stem sessile ; flowers 
in a terminal umbel, slender pediceled ; sepals petaloid ; 
petals none ; pistils 4-15, stigmas sessile, truncate. 

S. thalictroides (L.) Hoffm. Kue Anemone. Stem slender, 
6-10 in. high, from a cluster of tuberous roots ; radical leaves long- 
petioled, biternate, leaflets oval, cordate, 3-5-lobed ; stem leaves 
2-3-ternate, whorled, the long-stalked leaflets veiny, forming an 
involucre of 6-9 apparently simple leaves ; flowers 3-6 in an umbel, 
i— | in. wide ; sepals 6-10, white. March-May. In rich woods. 



IX. CLEMATIS. 

Perennial herbs or slightly woody vines, usually climbing 
by the leaf stalks ; leaves opposite, simple or compound ; 
sepals 4, petal-like ; petals very small or wanting ; pistils 
numerous, tipped by the persistent styles which often become 
long and plumose in fruit. 

1. C. crispa L. Marsh Clematis. Stem climbing, a little 
woody below, slightly pubescent above, 3-5 ft. high ; leaves pinnately 
compound ; leaflets 5-7, varying from lanceolate to ovate, thin, 
entire or 3-5 lobed ; flowers showy, perfect, solitary, on long, axil- 
lary peduncles ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, thick, wavy on the 
margins, twice the length of the stamens, light bluish purple, 1-1 1 
in. in length ; tails of the ripened achenia 1 in. long, silky. March- 
September. Rich woods and river banks. 

2. C. Virgixiaxa L. Virgin's Bower. Stem somewhat 
woody, climbing over shrubs and trees ; leaves ternately compound ; 
leaflets ovate, acute, lobed, cordate at the base, 2-3 in. long, smooth ; 
flowers numerous, in axillary, panicled clusters, dioecious or polyg- 
amous ; sepals obovate, hoary, spreading, white ; tails of the achenia 
plumose, showy, 1 in. or more in length. June-July. River banks 
and meadows. 

3. C. viorxa L. Leather Flower. Stem climbing, nearly 
smooth, 6-10 ft. long ; leaves usually pinnately compound, the 
lowest pair often tern ate and the upper pair simple ; leaflets usually 
5-7, oblong-ovate or oval, acute, firm, entire or lobed ; calyx bell- 
shaped, nodding ; sepals ovate, acuminate with a short, recurved 






DICOTYLEDONS. 81 

point, thick and leathery, reddish-purple, 1 in. long; tails of the 
achenia plumose, 1^- in. long, brownish. May- August. On river 
banks and rich soil. 

X. RANUNCULUS. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves alternate, usually deeply 
lobed or parted ; flowers axillary or in corymbs, white or yel- 
low ; sepals 3-5 ; petals 3-5, flat, with a small pit or scale 
inside at the narrowed base ; stamens usually numerous ; pis- 
tils few or several in a head ; achenia flattened, pointed ; 
mostly growing in wet soil. 

1. R. parviflorus L. Small-flowered Buttercup. An- 
nual ; stems erect, branched, downy, 6-12 in. high ; leaves small, 
the lower orbicular, 3-lobed, sharply toothed, the upper 3-5-parted 
or entire ; flowers very small ; sepals reflexed ; petals yellow, as long 
as the sepals ; achenia margined, rough, with a recurved beak. 
April-May. Wet, waste places. 

2. R. puslllus Poir. Low Spearwort. Perennial ; stems 
several, erect or ascending, branched, glabrous, 6-15 in. high; leaves 
entire or slightly toothed, the lower round or cordate, long-petioled, 
the upper lanceolate or elliptical, nearly or quite sessile ; flowers very 
small, about ^ in. wide, yellow ; petals 1-5, as long as the sepals ; 
stamens 3-10 ; achenia smooth, with a very short point. March- 
April. On muddy banks. 

3. R. abortivus L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Peren- 
nial; stems glabrous, branching, 12-18 in. high; root leaves round- 
cordate, crenate, petioled ; stem leaves 3-5-parted, with wedge-shaped 
or linear divisions, sessile ; flowers very small, pale yellow ; sepals 
reflexed, longer than the petals ; achenia in a globose head, smooth, 
with a short, recurved beak. March-April. Common on wet 
ground. 

4. R. recurvatus Poir. Hooked Crowfoot. Perennial ; 
stem erect, hirsute, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves all nearly alike, petioled, 3- 
5-lobed with the lobes wedge-shaped, cut or toothed at the apex ; 
flowers small, pale yellow ; petals minute, shorter than the reflexed 
sepals ; achenia in a globular head, smooth, with a long and slender 
recurved beak. April-May. On low ground. 

5. R. Pexxsylvanicus L. Bristly Crowfoot. Perennial; 
stems rough-hairy, erect, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves ternate, on long and 
very hairy petioles ; leaflets long-stalked, 3-parted, the divisions 
sharply lobed or toothed ; flowers small ; petals yellow, shorter than 
the sepals ; achenia flat, smooth, in oblong heads, beak broad and 
straight. May- June. On low ground ; more common northward. 



str; 



82 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

6. R. repens L. Creeping Crowfoot. Perennial ; stems 
sometimes erect, 5-10 in. high, but usually forming long runners, 
smooth or hairy ; leaves ternate or 3-parted, the divisions stalked, 
3-cleft or toothed ; flowers bright yellow, 1 in. or more in width ; 
petals much longer than the sepals ; achenia in globose heads, 
smooth, broadly margined, beak broad, straight or slightly curved. 
Quite variable in size and habit of growth, often producing flowers 
on erect stems before runners are formed. March-May. On rich, 
moist soil. 

7. K. fascicularis Muhl. Tufted Buttercup. Perennial, 
from a cluster of thickened, fleshy roots ; stem erect, pubescent, 4- 
9 in. high ; root leaves ternate, but the middle division long-stalked 
and 3-5-parted, making the leaf appear pinnate ; stem leaves 3-5- 
parted or lobed, the divisions oblong or elliptical ; flowers bright 
yellow, 1 in. broad ; petals obovate, much longer than the sepals ; 
achenia smooth, scarcely margined, beak slender, straight or slightly 
curved. March-May. On rich soil and rocky hills ; more common 
northward. 

XL THALICTRUM. 

Perennial herbs ; leaves compound or decompound ; flowers 
in umbels or panicles, polygamous or dioecious ; sepals petal- 
like or greenish ; petals none ; achenia ribbed. 

T. polygamum Muhl. Meadow Rue. Stems from fibrous 
roots, tall and coarse, nearly or quite smooth, 4-8 ft. tall ; leaves 
decompound, those of the stem sessile, the others long-petioled ; leaf- 
lets oval or oblong, often cordate, smooth or pubescent beneath, quite 
variable in size on the same plant ; flowers small, in large panicles ; 
sepals 4 or 5, white ; achenia short stalked. May- August. Woods 
and meadows. 

XII. PJEONIA. 

Perennial, from thick, fleshy roots ; stems shrubby or her- 
baceous ; leaves much divided ; flowers terminal, large and 
showy ; sepals 5, leaf -like and persistent ; petals 5 or more ; 
pistils 3-5, ovaries surrounded by a disk. 

P. officinalis L. Garden P.eony. Herbaceous ; flowering- 
stems 1-2 ft. high ; leaves ample ; leaflets lance-ovate, cut or incised, 
smooth ; flowers double, white or red ; follicles 2, erect, many-seeded. 
Common in gardens. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 83 



41. BERBERIDACEjE. BARBERRY FAMILY. 

Shrubs or herbs ; leaves basal or alternate, simple or com- 
pound, exstipulate ; flowers solitary or racemed, perfect, regu- 
lar, hypogynous ; sepals and petals in 2 or more rows of 2-4 
each, deciduous ; stamens usually as many as the petals and 
opposite them ; pistil 1 ; fruit berry-like or capsular, many- 
seeded. 

PODOPHYLLUM. 

Perennial ; stem simple, smooth, erect, 12-15 in. tall, bear- 
ing 2 leaves with a large white flower between them ; sepals 
6, caducous ; petals 6-9, obovate ; stamens twice as many as 
the petals ; pistil 1, stigma large, flat, sessile ; fruit berry- 
like, 1-celled, many-seeded. 

P. peltatum L. May-apple. Rootstock rather large ; leaves 
orbicular, peltate, 5-9-lobed and toothed, smooth, 9-12 in. wide ; 
flowers 2 in. wide, on a peduncle 1-2 in. long ; stamens prominent, 
anthers opening longitudinally; fruit 1^-2 in. long, oval, fragrant, 
edible ; each seed surrounded by a pulpy aril. April-May. In rich 
woods. The roots and leaves are drastic, and are used in medicine. 



42. MENISPERMACE^E. MOOXSEED FAMILY. 

Herbaceous or woody climbing or twining vines ; leaves 
alternate, palmately veined, entire or lobed, exstipulate, on 
slender petioles ; flowers small, polygamous or dioecious, in 
axillary racemes or panicles ; sepals 4-12 ; petals 6 or less ; 
stamens usually 6 ; ovaries 3 or more, usually 6, 1-ovuled ; 
fruit a drupe. 

I. CEBATHA. 

Woody vines ; stems slender and very hard ; leaves rather 
thick, ovate, entire or 3-lobed ; flowers in axillary racemes or 
panicles, dioecious or polygamous ; sepals 6 ; petals 6 ; fruit a 
drupe, with a rough, reniform seed. 



84 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

C. Carolina (L.) Britt. Carolina Moonseed. Stem twin- 
ing, slightly pubescent above, 10-15 ft. long; leaves 3-lobed, acute, 
rigid ; pistillate flowers in simple, and the staminate in compound 
racemes, greenish-white, small ; stamens 6 ; pistils 3-6 ; drupe bright 
red, globular or compressed, as large as a small pea. June- August. 
Borders of woods and thickets. 



II. MENISPERMUM. 

Vines slender, climbing, much like Cebatha ; leaves 3-7- 
angied or lobed ; flowers in axillary panicles, small, white ; 
sepals and petals 4-8 ; stamens 12-24 ; pistils 2-4, stigmas 
dilated ; fruit a drupe. 

M. Canadense L. Moonseed. Stem twining, 8-12 ft. high ; 
leaves 5-7-angled, slightly cordate, peltate near the base ; flowers 
greenish-white ; pistils in the fertile flowers on a prominent, raised 
receptacle ; fruit globular, black ; seed crescent-shaped. June-July. 
River banks ; more common northward. 



III. CALYCOCARPUM. 

Stem twining, pubescent, 20-50 ft. high ; leaves palmately 
3-5-lobed ; flowers dioecious, in compound racemes ; sepals 6 ; 
petals none ; stamens 12 ; pistils 3, stigmas radiate, spread- 
ing; drupe oval, seed shaped like a shallow cup. 

C. Lyoni Nutt. Cupseed. Stem climbing to the tops of trees ; 
leaves round-cordate, 6-8 in. wide, lobes acuminate, veins promi- 
nent ; flowers whitish, in large, axillary clusters ; drupe 1 in. long, 
greenish. June-July. River banks and moist woods. 



43. CALYCANTHACE^E. STRAWBERRY-SHRUB FAMILY. 

Shrubs ; leaves simple, opposite, entire, exstipulate ; flow- 
ers perfect, solitary, terminal on lateral branches ; sepals and 
petals alike, numerous, united below, forming an obconical, 
fleshy cup ; stamens numerous, short, the inner ones usually 
sterile ; ovaries several, inserted on the inner surface of the 
cup-shaped receptacle, becoming 1-seeded achenia in fruit. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 85 



BUTNERIA. 



Shrubs, 4-8 ft. tall ; branches opposite ; leaves oval, pubes- 
cent beneath, short-petioled ; both leaves and bark aromatic ; 
sepals and petals many, in several rows, somewhat fleshy, 
indistinguishable ; stamens numerous, short ; pistils several, 
inserted on the inner side of the persistent calyx tube ; mature 
fruit pear-shaped, dry, enclosing the achenia. 

B. Florida (L.) Kearney. Sweet-scented Shrub. A wide- 
spreading bush 4-8 ft. high ; twigs pubescent ; leaves oval or oblong, 
acute or acuminate, rough above, pubescent beneath, 2-3 in. long ; 
flowers 1 in. wide, brownish-purple, very fragrant ; sepals united 
below to form a cup on the inside of which the other parts of the 
flower are inserted, cup leafy-bracted on the outside. April-May. 
Banks of streams and rich hillsides ; often cultivated. 



44. LAURACEJE. LAUREL FAMILY. 

Aromatic trees or shrubs ; leaves simple, alternate, exstipu- 
late, dotted ; flowers small, perfect or imperfect, in small, 
axillary clusters ; calyx of 4-6 colored sepals in 2 rows ; 
petals none ; stamens 9-12, inserted on the calyx in 3-4 
rows, distinct, usually some of them imperfect ; ovary supe- 
rior, style single, ovule solitary ; fruit a drupe or berry. 
Among the foreign plants belonging to this family are the 
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Zeylandicum) and Cassia (C. cassia) 
from Ceylon, and Camphor (C. camphora) from China and 
India. The latter is often planted for ornament in the Gulf 
States. 

I. PERSEA. 

Small trees or shrubs ; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, entire, 
petiolate ; flowers perfect, in axillary panicles ; calyx 6- 
parted, persistent ; stamens 12, in 4 rows, the inner sterile, 
anthers 4-celled ; stigma disk-like ; fruit an ovoid drupe. 

P. Borbonica (L.) Spreng. Red Bay. A shrub or small tree 
with dark brown bark ; leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate, dark green 



86 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

and smooth above, paler and pubescent beneath, petioles J-l in. 
long; peduncles about as long as the petioles; calyx pubescent, per- 
sistent, its lobes unequal; drupes dark blue, on thick, red pedicels. 
June-July. In moist woodlands. 



II. SASSAFRAS. 

A tree with rough, yellowish bark and a spreading top; 
leaves deciduous, entire or 2-3-lobed ; flowers dioecious, in- 
volucrate, at the end of the twigs of the previous season ; 
calyx 6-parted, persistent in the pistillate flowers; stamens 
9, in 3 rows ; pistillate flowers with 4-6 abortive stamens 
and a single ovary ; fruit a drupe. 

S. Sassafras (L.) Karst. Sassafras. A tree, usually small 
and slender, but sometimes with a trunk 3 ft. in diameter and 125 
ft. high; leaves oval, entire, mitten-shaped or 3-lobed, pubescent 
when young but becoming smooth with age, dark green above, 
paler below, petiolate ; racemes several in a cluster, peduncled ; 
flowers yellow ; stamens about as long as the sepals ; fruit dark blue, 
ovoid, on thickened, red pedicels. All parts of the tree aromatic ; 
trees producing pistillate flowers rare. April-May. Common. The 
wood is valuable for cabinet making, and an aromatic oil is extracted 
from the bark. 

III. BENZOIN. 

Shrubs ; leaves deciduous, entire ; flowers in lateral, sessile 
clusters, appearing before the leaves, diosci'ous or polyga- 
mous ; involucre of 4 scales ; stamens 9 in the staminate 
flowers, filaments slender ; pistillate flowers with 12-15 
abortive stamens and a single globose ovary with a short 
style. 

B. Benzoin (L.) Coult. Spice-bush. A shrub 5-15 ft. high, 
with smooth bark and slender twigs ; leaves oblong-obovate, acute 
at the base, pale and pubescent beneath, becoming smooth when old; 
petioles short; flowers about as long as the pedicels, yellow, very fra- 
grant ; ovary about as long as the style ; fruit an obovoid, red drupe 
about ^ in. long, on a slender pedicel. February-March. Banks of 
streams and damp woods. Twigs and leaves quite aromatic. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 87 



45. PAPAVERACEiE. POPPY FAMILY. 

Herbs, with milky or colored juice; leaves alternate, or 
rarely a few of the upper ones opposite, exstipulate; flowers 
perfect, solitary or in clusters ; sepals 2-3, caducous ; petals 
4-12, deciduous, sometimes irregular ; stamens few or many, 
hypogynous, filaments filiform ; ovaries 1 or many, usually 
1-celled, many-seeded ; fruit a capsule. 

I. PAPAVER. 

Annual or perennial herbs, with milky juice ; stem erect, 
smooth or hispid, branching above ; leaves more or less lobed 
or dissected ; flower buds nodding, flowers showy ; sepals 
commonly 2 ; petals 4-6 ; stamens many ; stigma disk-like, 
ovules many, borne on inwardly projecting placentae. 

1. P. somniferum L. Opium Poppy. Annual ; stem erect, 
branched above, smooth and glaucous, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves oblong, 
irregularly lobed or cut, sessile, clasping ; flowers nearly white with 
a purple center, large and showy, on long peduncles ; capsule globose, 
seeds minutely pitted. May-August. About old gardens and waste 
places. Cultivated in southern Asia, where the juice of the capsules 
is dried to make opium. 

2. P. dubium L. Corn Poppy. Annual ; stem slender, branch- 
ing, 1-2 ft. tall ; leaves pinnatifid, the lower petioled, the upper ses- 
sile ; flowers large and showy, usually red ; capsule long-obovate, 
glabrous. May-July. In cultivated ground. Both the species 
named are often cultivated in gardens, and produce double flowers. 



II. SANGUINARIA. 

Perennial; rhizome thick, horizontal, joints and scars of 
previous growths persistent several years ; juice orange 
colored ; leaves on long petioles, reniform ; scape 1-flowered ; 
sepals 2, fugacious ; petals 8-12 ; ovary 1, stigmas 2 ; cap- 
sule oblong, seeds crested. 

S. Canadensis L. Bloodroot. Leaves and scape glaucous; 
leaves palmately 5-9-lobed, lobes rounded or toothed ; scapes naked, 



88 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

nearly as long as the petioles ; flowers white, 1 in. or more wide ; 
petals oblong or obovate, quickly deciduous ; capsule 1 -celled, 2- 
valved, the valves separating from the persistent placentae at matur- 
ity. March- April. In rich, shady woods. 

III. CAPNOIDES. 

Erect herbs ; juice reddish-brown ; leaves much dissected 
or decompound ; flowers in racemes which are terminal or 
opposite the leaves ; sepals 2, small ; corolla irregular, petals 
4, one of the outer spurred or saccate at the base, the 2 
inner narrower and keeled on the back ; stamens 6, three 
opposite each of the outer petals ; stigma 2-lobed, persistent, 
placentae 2. 

C. micranthum (Engelm.) Britt. Dutchman's Breeches. 

Stem slender, diffuse, glabrous ; leaves finely dissected, the divisions 
nearly linear ; flowers pale yellow ; inner petals mucronate, the keel 
usually entire ; fruit a linear, torulose, short-pediceled pod. Febru- 
ary-March. In rich woods. 



46. CRUCIFERJE. MUSTARD FAMILY. 

Herbs, with watery, pungent juice; leaves alternate, ex- 
stipulate ; flowers perfect, regular, hypogynous, in racemes 
or panicles with bractless pedicels ; sepals 4, usually erect 
and appressed to the corolla, deciduous ; petals 4, with , 
spreading limbs forming a cross, rarely wanting ; stamens 
usually 6, two of them shorter than the others and opposite 
the inner sepals ; pistil 1, compound, style usually persist- 
ent, ovary 2-celled by a membranous partition ; fruit a sil- 
ique or silicle. The family furnishes a number of food plants, 
among which are the cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, 
kohl rabi, and kale, all of which are forms of the European 
Brassica oleracea ; the Turnip (B. campestris) and the Horse 
Radish (Borijia Armoracid) which does not produce seed in 
this country. Most of the native plants belonging to the 
family are insignificant or troublesome weeds. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 89 

Pod many times longer than broad. 

Flowers yellow V. Sophia. 

Flowers white or colored. 

Seeds globose VII. Hesperis. 

Seeds flat III. Cardamine. 

Pod short. 

Flat, orbicular. 

Flattened contrary to the partition . I. Lepidium. 

Flattened parallel to the partition . . VI. Koniga. 

Flat, cuneiform IV. Bursa. 

Terete, globose or oblong . . . . II. Eoripa. 

I. LEPIDIUM. 

Annual ; stem erect, or sometimes diffuse ; leaves entire, 
toothed or pinnately divided ; flowers in a terminal raceme, 
small, white ; petals short, sometimes wanting ; stamens 2, 
4, or 6; silicle rounded or obcordate, flattened contrary to 
the partition. 

L. Virginicum L. Peppergrass. Stem erect, smooth, much 
branched, 1-2 ft. high ; lower leaves obovate in outline, pinnatifid 
with dentate lobes ; upper leaves lanceolate, dentate, slightly pubes- 
cent ; flowers on slender pedicels, petals often wanting in the later 
ones ; stamens 2 ; silicle orbicular. March-July. A weed growing 
in waste places. 

II. RORIPA. 

Annual or biennial ; stems erect or diffuse, often widely 
branching ; leaves simple, pinnately lobed ; flowers small, 
white or yellow ; sepals spreading ; stamens 1-6 ; silique 
short and broad or nearly linear ; seeds numerous, in 2 rows 
in each cell. 

1. R. Nasturtium (L.) Rusby. Watercress. Aquatic herbs ; 
stems glabrous, diffuse, rooting at the joints ; leaves with 3-9 
rounded, pinnate lobes, the terminal lobe much the largest ; racemes 
elongating in fruit ; petals white, twice the length of the sepals ; 
pod linear, £-f in. long, on slender, spreading pedicels. March- 
November. In ditches and slow streams. Often used for salad. 

2. R. palustris (L.) Bess. Yellow Watercress. Annual 
or biennial ; stem erect, branched, slightly pubescent ; leaves irregu- 



90 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

larly lyrate-pinnatifid, the lower petioled, the upper sessile ; flowers 
small ; petals yellow ; pods linear, spreading, longer than the pedi- 
cels. March- April. In wet places. 



III. CARDAMINE. 

Annual or perennial ; rootstock often scaly or bulbif erous ; 
stem erect or ascending, usually glabrous ; leaves more or 
less divided ; flowers in terminal racemes, white or purple ; 
petals rather large ; stamens 6 ; fruit an elongated silique, 
seeds several in a single row in each cell. 

C. bulbosa (Schreb.) B. S. P. Bulbous Cress. Perennial; 
root tuberous ; stem simple, erect, smooth, without runners, 9-18 
in. tall ; lower leaves long-petioled, ovate, orbicular or cordate, often 
angled or toothed, the upper short-petioled or sessile, lanceolate or 
oblong, toothed or entire ; pedicels i-1 in. long ; petals white, £- 1 
in. long ; silique erect, linear-lanceolate, tipped by the persistent 
style ; seeds round-oval. April-May. Cool, wet places. 

C. hirsuta L. Hairy Bittercress. Annual ; stem slender, 
erect, simple or with a few slender branches, more or less pubescent, 
6-15 in. tall ; leaves mostly in a cluster at the base of the stem, 
pinnately divided, the terminal lobe orbicular, the lateral lobes nar- 
rower, somewhat hirsute above, stem leaves nearly linear ; flowers 
small ; petals white, longer than the sepals ; stamens 4 ; pods linear, 
erect on erect pedicels, about 1 in. long ; seeds oval. March- April. 
In waste places. 

IV. BURSA. 

Annual ; stem erect ; pubescence of branched hairs ; racemes 
terminal, becoming elongated in fruit ; flowers small, white ; 
silicle obcordate or triangular, flattened contrary to the 
partition, shorter than the spreading pedicel. 

B. Bursa-pastoris (L.) Britt. Shepherd's Purse. Root long 
and straight ; stem branching above, pubescent below, smooth 
above ; lower leaves forming a rosette at the base of the stem, irreg- 
ularly lobed or pinnatifid, stem leaves lanceolate, clasping, toothed 
or entire ; sepals pubescent, about half as long as the petals ; pod 
triangular, emarginate or cordate at the apex ; seeds several in each 
cell. February-July. A common weed. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 91 



V. SOPHIA. 



Annual or perennial ; stem erect, slender, branching, 
pubescent ; leaves twice pinnatifid or dissected ; flowers in 
terminal racemes, small, yellow, racemes becoming elongated 
at maturity ; silique linear or linear-oblong, terete or angled, 
seeds oval, in 1 or 2 rows in each cell. 

S. pinnata (Walt.) Britt. Hedge Mustard. Annual ; stem 
erect, branched, pale canescent or hoary, 12-24 in. tall ; leaves 
oblong, twice pinnatifid into narrow, toothed segments ; pedicels 
slender, spreading, about J in. long; flowers small, pale; silique 
horizontal or ascending, about half the length of the pedicel, seeds 
in 2 rows in each cell. March- April. Common in waste places. 



VI. KONIGA. 

Perennial, though usually growing as an annual; stems 
branching, diffuse, branches slender ; leaves small, entire, 
pubescent with forked hairs ; flowers small, white, in numer- 
ous terminal racemes ; petals obovate, entire, twice as long 
as the sepals ; filaments enlarged below ; silicle orbicular, 
compressed, seeds 1 in each cell. 

K. maritima (L.) R. Kr. Sweet Alyssum. Stem weak, dif- 
fuse, ascending, minutely pubescent ; lower leaves narrowed into a 
petiole, the upper sessile ; racemes erect, many-flowered ; flowers 
fragrant, pedicels ascending ; silicle often pointed. Common in 
cultivation and often spontaneous. 



VII. HESPERIS. 

Biennial or perennial ; stems erect, branched, pubescent 
with forked hairs ; leaves seldom divided ; flowers showy, in 
terminal racemes ; stigma 2-lobed ; fruit a long, cylindrical 
silique. 

H. matronalis L. Dame's Violet. Si,em branched above, 
2-3 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acumi- 
nate, denticulate with minute teeth, pubescent on both sides, the 
lower long-petioled and sometimes divided, the upper short-petioled 
or sessile ; flowers white or colored, fragrant, }-l in. wide ; petals 



92 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

spreading, much longer than the erect sepals ; silique slender, nodu- 
lose, 2-4 in. long ; seeds 1 row in each cell. March-July. Escaped 
from cultivation. 

47. CAPPARIDACE^E. CAPER FAMILY. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with an acrid, watery juice ; leaves 
usually alternate, simple or palmately compound; stipules 
spiny or wanting ; flowers often irregular, usually perfect ; 
sepals 4-8; petals 4 or wanting; stamens 6 or more; style^ 
usually short, receptacle often elongated; fruit a pod or 
berry. 

CLEOME. 

Mostly annual herbs ; stems branched ; leaves petioled, 
simple or 3-7-foliate, leaflets entire or serrate ; flowers in 
bracted racemes ; sepals 4, often persistent ; petals 4, long- 
clawed, nearly equal, entire ; stamens 6, filaments filiform, 
usually much exserted but sometimes 1-3 much shorter than 
the others, inserted on the short receptacle ; ovary on a short 
stipe with a small gland at its base ; fruit a slender capsule 
on an elongated stipe. 

C. spinosa L. Spider Flower. Annual ; stem erect, branched 
above ; leaves alternate, large, the lower long-petioled, the upper 
short-petioled or sessile, 5-7-foliate, leaflets lanceolate, acute, serru- 
late ; stipules spiny ; flowers numerous, showy, white or purplish, in 
long, bracted racemes, lower bracts trifoliate, the upper simple, 
cordate-ovate ; pedicels long ; petals obovate, long-clawed ; capsule 
smooth, linear, shorter than the stipe which is often 4-6 in. in 
length. May-August. Common in waste places. 

48. RESEDACEJE. MIGNONETTE FAMILY. 

Annual ; stem diffuse, widely branched ; leaves sessile, 
entire or lobed, smooth ; flowers in spikes or racemes, bracted, 
irregular, fragrant ; calyx 4-7-parted, inequilateral ; petals 
4-7, entire or cleft ; stamens 8-30, inserted on the hypogy- 
nous, one-sided disk ; ovary sessile, 3-6-lobed, stigmas 3-6, 
ovules many. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 93 



RESEDA. 



Annual ; stems diffuse, widely branched ; leaves sessile, 
entire or lobed, smooth ; flowers in close racemes or spikes ; 
petals 4-7, toothed or cleft; stamens 8-30, inserted at one 
side of the flower; capsule 3-6-lobed, opening at the top 
before the seeds mature. 

R. odorata L. Mignonette. Stem widely diffuse, 6-12 in. 
high, smooth ; leaves cuneiform, entire or 3-lobed ; flowers small, 
greenish-yellow, very fragrant ; petals deeply 7-13-cleft. April- 
July. Often cultivated. From Egypt. 

49. SARRACENIACEJE. PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY. 

Perennial, acaulescent, marsh herbs ; leaves tubular or 
trumpet-shaped ; flowers single, nodding, on a naked or 
bracted scape ; sepals 4-5, colored, persistent ; petals 5, 
deciduous, or sometimes wanting ; stamens numerous ; pistil 
compound, 5-celled, many-ovuled, style terminal, nearly as 
broad as the flower, peltate. 

SARRACENIA. 

Rootstock short, horizontal ; scape naked ; leaves trumpet- 
shaped with a ventral wing extending nearly to the base and 
a broad lamina at the apex ; tube hairy within, with down- 
ward-pointing, stiff hairs ; calyx 3-bracted ; petals obovate, 
drooping or incurved ; style umbrella-shaped, 5-angled ; stig- 
mas at the hooked angles of the style; capsule globose, 
rough. [The tubular leaves usually contain more or less 
water and dead insects, the latter having been attracted by a 
honey-like secretion near the opening. For a full account of 
the structure and peculiar action of the leaves, see Goodale's 
Physiological Botany, pp. 347-353.] 

1. S. purpurea L. Side-saddle Flower. Leaves ascending, 
curved, broadly winged, purple-veined, 4-8 in. long ; lamina erect, 
round-cordate, hairy on the inner side ; scapes 12-18 in. tall ; flower 
deep purple, about 2 in. broad ; style yellowish. April-May. Mossy 
swamps. 



94 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

2. S. Psitticina Michx. Small Pitcher-plant. Leaves in a 
spreading rosette, 3-5 in. long ; tube slender, broadly winged, densely 
hirsute within ; lamina strongly incurved over the narrow opening, 
marked with purple and white ; flower purple, about 1J in. broad. 
April-May. Pine-barren swamps. 

3. S. flava L. Trumpet-leaf. Leaves large, erect, glabrous, 
yellowish, narrowly winged,- 2 ft. high; lamina erect, orbicular, 
slender pointed, pubescent within, often reticulated with purple 
veins ; scape as long as the leaves ; flowers yellowish ; petals 2-3 in. 
long, finally drooping. April-May. Wet pine barrens. 

4. S. variolaris Michx. Spotted Trumpet-leaf. Leaves 
erect, broadly or sometimes narrowly winged, spotted with white near 
the yellowish summit ; lamina ovate, arching over the open mouth of 
the tube, hairy, and reticulated with purple veins within ; flowers 
yellow^ ; petals 1 in. or more in length. April-May. Low r pine 
barrens. 

50. DROSERACEiE. SUNDEW FAMILY. 

Acaulescent, marsh herbs ; leaves tufted, glandular-pubes- 
cent, circinate in bud ; flowers racemose, on a slender, naked 
scape ; calyx of 4-5 distinct or slightly united, persistent 
sepals ; petals 5, distinct or slightly united at the base, 
hypogynous, withering ; stamens 5-15, distinct ; ovary free, 
1-celled, many-ovuled, styles 1-5, simple or cleft. 

DROSERA. 

Leaves thickly set with glandular hairs, making them ap- 
pear as if covered with dew; calyx free from the ovary, 
deeply 4-5-parted ; petals usually 5 ; stamens 5 ; styles 3-5, 
deeply 2-parted or fimbriate ; capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. 

1. D. filiformis Raf. Thread-leaved Sundew. Rhizome 
thick, creeping ; leaves erect, narrowly linear or filiform, smooth at 
the base, very viscid-pubescent above, 10-15 in. long; scape smooth, 
many-flowered, 12-18 in. high; flowers bright purple, 1 in. w T ide ; 
petals obovate, much longer than the hairy sepals; seeds oblong, 
minutely dotted. April-May. Low pine barrens. 

2. D. ROTUNDIFOLIA L. ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW. Rhizome 

none ; leaves orbicular, contracted below into a hairy petiole 1^-2 in. 
long ; scape smooth, erect, 6-10-flowered ; flowers white ; seeds covered 
with a loose, membranaceous coat. May- June. Mossy swamps. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 95 

3. D. brevifolia Pursh. Short-leaved Sundew. Rhizome 
none ; leaves short, wedge-shaped, glandular-pubescent ; scape 3-6- 
flowered, 3-6 in. high ; flowers white, i in. wide ; seeds ovoid, 
minutely glandular. March- April. Low, sandy pine barrens. 

51. CRASSULACEJE. ORPINE FAMILY. 

Herbs, usually succulent; leaves alternate or opposite, 
simple, exstipulate ; flowers perfect, regular, cymose or rarely 
solitary ; calyx 4-5-cleft, persistent ; petals as many as the 
sepals, often slightly united at the base, usually persistent, 
sometimes wanting ; stamens as many or twice as many as 
the petals ; carpels as many as the petals, distinct, or united 
below ; fruit a membranaceous, 1-celled, many-seeded follicle. 

PENTHORUM. 

Perennial ; stem erect, branched above, only slightly suc- 
culent ; leaves alternate, serrate, sessile ; flowers in cymes ; 
sepals 5 ; petals 5 or wanting ; stamens 10 ; carpels 5, united 
about half their length, many-seeded. 

P. sedoides L. Ditch Stonecrop. Stem terete below, branch- 
ing and angled above, glabrous, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate or 
elliptical, acuminate, finely serrate ; flowers yellowish, short-pedi- 
celed, on one side of the revolute branches of the cyme ; sepals 
triangular, acute, shorter than the capsule ; petals often wanting. 
June-September. Common in ditches and muddy places. 

52. SAXIFRAGACEJE. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 

Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees ; leaves alternate, opposite or 
basal ; stipules adnate to the petioles or wanting ; flowers 
perfect or imperfect, solitary or variously clustered ; calyx of 
4-5 more or less united sepals, free or partially adherent to 
the ovary ; petals as many as the sepals or sometimes want- 
ing ; stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals, in- 
serted on the calyx ; ovaries 1-4, commonly united below 
and often separated above ; fruit a capsule or berry. 



96 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



I. PARNASSIA. 

Perennial herbs ; basal leaves long-petioled, entire ; the 
slender scape bearing a single, sessile leaf; flowers large, 
solitary ; sepals 5, persistent, united at the base ; petals 5, 
spreading; fertile stamens 5, alternate with the petals; abor- 
tive stamens numerous, in clusters at the base of each petal; 
ovary 1-celled, with 3-4 parietal placentae ; seeds numerous. 

P. Caroliniana Michx. Grass-of-Parnassus. Basal leaves 
ovate or cordate, rounded at the apex, often decurrent into the 
petioles; cauline leaf ovate, clasping; scape 12-18 in. high; flower 
1-1^ in. broad ; sepals ovate ; petals oval, white with greenish veins ; 
abortive stamens 3 in each set, distinct, much longer than the 
recurved fertile ones ; capsule ^-^ in. long. June-October. On 
damp soil. 

II. ITEA. 

Shrubs or small trees ; leaves alternate, simple, deciduous, 
exstipulate ; flowers white, in slender, drooping, terminal 
racemes ; calyx campanulate, 5-cleft ; petals 5, inflexed at 
the apex ; stamens 5, shorter than the petals ; ovary 2-celled, 
many-seeded. 

I. Virginica L. Itea. A shrub, 4-10 ft. high ; twigs pubes- 
cent ; leaves oblong or oval, short-petioled, acute or acuminate at 
the apex, sharply serrate, glabrous or somewhat pubescent beneath ; 
racemes slender, dense, 3-6 in. long ; flowers short-pediceled, white, 
J-J in. wide ; petals narrowly lanceolate, erect or spreading ; capsule 
2 -grooved, pubescent, tipped by the persistent, 2-parted style. April- 
June. Common in wet places. 

III. HYDRANGEA. 

Erect shrubs ; leaves simple, opposite, petioled, exstipu- 
late ; flowers in terminal corymbs, marginal flowers often 
sterile with enlarged and showy calyx lobes, fertile flowers 
small; calyx tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, coherent with 
the ovary, limb 4-5-cleft ; petals 4-5 ; stamens 8-10 ; capsule 
2^4-celled, crowned with the divergent styles, many-seeded. 

1. H. radiata Walt. Downy Hydrangea. Shrub, 6-8 ft. 
tall ; leaves ovate, often cordate at the base, acute or acuminate at 



DICOTYLEDONS. 97 

the apex, serrate, smooth above, densely white-tomentose beneath ; 
cymes flat-topped ; sterile flowers few, but large and conspicuous. 
May-June. On rich soil, river banks, etc. 

2. H. quercifolia Bart. Oak-leafed Hydrangea. Shrub, 
3-6 ft. tall ; leaves oval, usually 5-lobed, serrate, tornentose ; cymes 
clustered in a dense, oblong panicle ; sterile flowers large and numer- 
ous, whitish, becoming purple. May-June. On shady banks. 

3. H. hortensis L. Garden Hydrangea. Shrub 1-3 ft. 
tall ; leaves elliptical, acute at each end, serrate-dentate, smooth, 
strongly veined ; cymes convex above ; flow T ers nearly all sterile, 
white, blue, or pink. May-July. Common in gardens. 

IV. PHILADELPHUS. 

Shrubs; leaves simple, opposite, 3-5-ribbed, petioled, ex- 
stipulate ; flowers solitary or cymose, large, white ; calyx 
tube turbinate, cohering with the ovary, the limb 4-5-parted, 
persistent; petals 4-5, rounded or obovate ; stamens 20-40, 
shorter than the petals ; ovary 3-5-celled, many-seeded, styles 
3-5, more or less united. 

1. P. GRANDIFLORUS Willd. LARGE-FLOWERED SyRINGA. 

Shrub, 6-10 ft. high; branches pubescent; leaves ovate or ovate- 
oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, pubescent, 3-ribbed ; flowers soli- 
tary or 2-3 together, white, 1^-2 in. broad, not fragrant; calyx 
lobes ovate, acuminate, about twice as long as the tube. April- 
May. On low ground. 

2. P. coronarius L. Garden Syringa. Shrub, 8-10 ft. 
high ; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse at the base, acute at the apex, 
remotely denticulate, smooth above, pubescent beneath; flowers in 
terminal racemes, creamy white, 1-1 J in. wide, very fragrant; calyx 
lobes ovate, acute, longer than the tube. May-June. Common in 
cultivation. 

53. GROSSULARIACE^E. GOOSEBERRY FAMILY. 

Shrubs ; branches smooth or prickly ; leaves alternate, 
often fascicled, palmately veined and lobed ; stipules want- 
ing ; flowers axillary, racemose or clustered ; calyx tube 
adherent to the ovary, limb 5-parted, persistent ; petals 5, 
small; stamens 5; ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae; 
fruit a many-seeded berry. 



98 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

RIBES. 

Characters of the family. 

1. R. Cynosbati L. Wild Gooseberry. A spreading bush 
2-4 ft. tall, with- the older stems prickly and the younger nearly 
smooth ; leaves nearly circular, slightly cordate, 3-5-lobed, the lobes 
crenate or incised, somewhat pubescent, petiole long and slender; 
peduncles 2-3-flowered, flowers greenish; stamens and style not 
longer than the calyx tube; berry covered with prickles. April- 
June. In rocky woods. More common northward. 

2. R. rotundifolium Michx. Smooth Gooseberry. A strag- 
gling shrub 3-4 ft. high, the branches often smooth; leaves roundish, 
the base not cordate and often acute, 3-5-lobed and incised, pubes- 
cent beneath ; peduncles 1-2 -flowered, flowers greenish-purple ; sta- 
mens longer than the calyx tube ; berry small, smooth. April-June. 
In rocky woods. 

3. R. rubrum L. Red Currant. A shrub 2-4 ft. high, 
branches smooth ; leaves orbicular to reniform, 3-5-lobed, the lobes 
sharply dentate, pubescent beneath when young ; petioles slender, 
1-3 in. long ; flowers many, in pendulous racemes, greenish, pedicels 
bracted ; stamens short ; fruit smooth, red or nearly white. April- 
May. Native in the northern states and often cultivated. 

54. HAMAMELIDACE^. WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate, petioled, simple leaves and 
deciduous stipules ; flowers perfect, polygamous or monoe- 
cious, variously clustered ; calyx tube coherent with the base 
of the ovary ; petals 4-5, long and showy, or entirely want- 
ing ; stamens twice as many as the petals with the alternate 
ones sterile, or numerous and perfect ; styles 2 ; fruit a woody, 
2-celled capsule opening at the summit, seeds bony, 1 or 
more in each cell. 

I. HAMAMELIS. 

Large shrubs ; leaves short-petioled ; flowers yellow, lat- 
eral, clustered ; calyx 2-3-bracted, 4-parted ; petals 4, elon- 
gated and linear, sometimes wanting in the staminate flowers ; 
stamens 8, the alternate ones sterile ; styles 2, ovules 2 ; 
seeds large, bony, oblong, shiny. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 99 

H. Virginica L. Witch Hazel. A shrub sometimes reaching 
20 ft. in height ; leaves obovate or oval, acute or obtuse at the apex, 
cordate or oblique at the base, dentate, stellate-pubescent ; flowers in 
axillary clusters, bright yellow, nearly sessile ; calyx lobes spreading, 
pubescent; petals ^-f in. long; capsule woody, beaked by the 2 per- 
sistent styles, very pubescent. October and November, the fruit 
requiring nearly a year to mature. Common in low woods and on 
margins of swamps. 

II. LIQUIDAMBAR. 

Trees, the limbs usually corky-winged ; flowers monoe- 
cious, the staminate heads sessile, spiked or racemose, the 
pistillate usually single ; calyx and corolla wanting ; stamens 
very numerous, filaments short ; ovary partly inferior, styles 
2, ovules several in each cell; the 2-beaked capsules united 
into a close head, seeds wing-angled. 

L. Styraciflua L. Sweet-Gum. Large trees; leaves roundish, 
stellate-lobed, finely serrate, smooth above, often pubescent below ; 
spikes bearing the staminate flowers soon deciduous ; the pistillate 
heads long-peduncled, soon drooping, mature heads spiny, 1—1^ in. 
in diameter. March-April. A common tree with a resinous juice 
wmich hardens into a fragrant smm. 



55. PLATANACEiE. SYCAMORE FAMILY. 

Trees ; with simple, alternate, petioled, stipulate leaves, the 
bases of the petioles covering the buds ; flowers monoecious, 
in axillary, long-peduncled, globose heads ; calyx and corolla 
very inconspicuous, each consisting of 3-8 minute scales, or 
wanting ; stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them ; 
pistils several, obconical, hairy at the base, styles long ; cap- 
sules 1-seeded. 

PLAT ANUS. 

Characters of the family. 

P. occidentals L. Sycamore, Buttonwood. A large tree, 
bark light-colored, smooth, exfoliating in large, thin plates ; leaves 
large, round-cordate, angularly lobed and toothed, densely white- 
woolly when young, becoming smooth with age ; stipules large, 



100 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

toothed ; fruit in a globular, pendulous head which remains on the 
tree through the winter, dropping the seeds very slowly. March- 
April. Common on river banks and in swampy woods. 

56. ROSACEA. ROSE FAMILY. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees ; leaves alternate, simple or com- 
pound, stipulate ; flowers perfect ; sepals 3-8, usually 5, 
more or less united ; petals as many as the sepals or none ; 
stamens numerous and, with the petals, inserted on the calyx 
tube; pistils 1, few or numerous, often united with the calyx 
tube ; ovary 1-2- or several-seeded ; fruit of many forms, but 
more often an achene, follicle, or aggregation of drupes. 



Fruit a follicle. 






Follicles inflated 


I. 


Opulaster. 


Follicles not inflated. 






Flowers regular .... 


II. 


Spirea. 


Flowers irregular . 


III. 


Porteranthus 


Fruit an aggregation of drupes . 


IV. 


Rubus. 


Fruit an achene. 






Achenes many. 






Receptacles fleshy, flowers white . 


V. 


Fragaria. 


Receptacles fleshy, flowers yellow 


VI. 


Duchesnea. 


Receptacles dry, styles deciduous 


VII. 


Potentilla. 


Receptacles dry, styles persistent 


VIII. 


Geum. 


Achenes 1 or 2 


IX. 


Agrimonia. 


Achenes enclosed by the fleshy calyx tube 


X. 


Rosa. 


I. OPULASTER. 







Shrubs ; leaves simple, palmately veined and lobed, petioled ; 
flowers white, in terminal corymbs ; calyx spreading, 5-lobed ; 
petals 5 ; stamens numerous ; pistils 1-5, short-stipitate, 
stigma terminal ; ovaries becoming inflated at maturity, 2-4- 
seeded, dehiscent. 

O. opulifolius (L.) Kuntze. Ninebark. A spreading shrub 
3-6 ft. high, the old bark separating into thin strips ; leaves petioled, 
broadly ovate or rounded, often cordate, 3-lobed, the lobes doubly 



DICOTYLEDONS. 101 

crenate-serrate ; stipules deciduous ; corymbs terminal, peduncled, 
nearly globose, pubescent, many-flowered ; pedicels and calyx nearly 
glabrous ; follicles 3-5, much longer than the calyx, smooth and 
shining, obliquely tipped by the persistent style. April-May. Banks 
of streams. 

II. SPIREA. 

Shrubs with simple leaves ; flowers perfect, in terminal or 
axillary racemes or panicles ; calyx 5-cleft, persistent ; petals 
5 ; stamens numerous ; pistils usually 5, free from the calyx 
and alternate with its lobes ; follicles not inflated, 2-several- 
seeded. 

1. S. salicifolia L. Willow-leafed Spirea. Shrubs 2-5 ft. 
high, branches smooth ; leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate, smooth or 
nearly so, sharply serrate, base usually cuneate, pale beneath ; stipules 
deciduous ; flowers white or pink, panicle dense-flowered ; follicles 
smooth. May-July. On low ground. 

2. S. Reevesiana Gard. Bridal Wreath. Shrubs 2-4 ft. 
tall; branches long, slender and spreading; leaves lanceolate, sjBr- 
rate, sometimes 3-lobed or pinnatifid, glaucous beneath ; flowers 
white or pinkish, in axillary racemes or corymbs, often forming long 
wreaths ; follicles smooth. May-June. Introduced from Europe. 

3. S. tomentosa L. Hardhack. Erect shrubs ; stems tomen- 
tose, usually simple ; leaves simple, ovate or oblong, serrate, densely 
tomentose below, smooth and dark green above ; flowers small, pink 
or purple, in a close panicle ; follicles 5, tomentose, several-seeded. 
May-June. On low ground. 

III. PORTER ANTHUS. 

Perennial herbs ; leaves nearly sessile, 3-foliate or 3-parted ; 
flowers white or rose-colored, in loose corymbs ; calyx tubular- 
campanulate, 5-toothed ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10-20 ; 
follicles 5, included in the calyx, 2-4-seeded. 

P. stipulatus (Muhl.) Britt. American Ipecac. Stem 2-3 
ft. tall, branches few ; leaves lanceolate, coarsely serrate or the lower 
incisely lobed ; stipules leaf-like, ovate, serrate ; corymbs few-flowered, 
flowers pink; petals linear-lanceolate, \ in. long; follicles nearly 
smooth. May- June. On hills in rich woods. 



102 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



IV. RUBUS. 

Shrubs ; stems usually prickly ; leaves ample, 3-5-lobed or 
compound ; calyx bractless, concave or nearly flat, 5-parted ; 
petals 5 ; stamens numerous ; pistils numerous, forming small 
drupelets which are inserted on an elongated receptacle to 
form an aggregated fruit, style deciduous. 

1. R. occidentals L. Black Raspberry. Stems long and 
slender, often recurved and rooting at the tips, armed with weak, 
hooked prickles ; leaves petioled, 3-5-foliate, leaflets ovate, coarsely 
serrate, white-downy below ; flowers white, in compact terminal 
corymbs ; pedicels erect or ascending ; fruit black, hemispherical, 
separating easily from the receptacle. April-May. Common on 
borders of woods northward, widely cultivated. 

2. R. strigosus Michx. Red Raspberry. Stems widely 
branching, biennial, not rooting at the tips, armed with weak bristles 
and with a few hooked prickles ; leaves petioled, 3-5-foliate ; leaflets 
ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate and sometimes lobed, pubescent 
beneath ; flowers in terminal and axillary racemes and panicles, 
pedicels drooping ; fruit hemispherical or conical, red, separating 
easily from the receptacle. April-May. Common on mountains and 
burned clearings in the northern section and widely cultivated. 

3. R. argtjtus Bailey. Blackberry. Stem shrubby, erect or 
bending, 4-10 ft. high, glandular-pubescent above and with stout, 
hooked prickles below ; leaves petioled, 3-7 -foliate, leaflets ovate, 
acute, irregularly serrate, smooth or soft hairy ; flowers in terminal, 
bracted panicles ; petals white, ob ovate, much longer than the acu- 
minate sepals ; fruit large, black, oblong, adhering to the receptacle. 
March-May. Common in thickets. 

4. R. cuneifolius Pursh. Sand Blackberry. Stem shrubby, 
erect or diffuse, 2-3 ft. high ; prickles straight or recurved ; leaves 
petioled, 3-5-foliate, leaflets obovate, serrate towards the apex, 
cuneate towards the base, rough above, white tomentose beneath ; 
racemes mainly terminal, few-flowered ; petals white, longer than 
the sepals ; fruit ovoid, black, adhering to the receptacle, smaller 
than the preceding. March- April. Common in old fields. 

5. R. trivialis Michx. Dewberry. Stem trailing or prostrate, 
often several feet in length, armed with small, straight or recurved 
prickles, and often thickly set with bristles ; leaves petioled, mostly 
3-foliate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate or oval, acute, sharply serrate, 
smooth; flowering branches commonly erect, few-flowered, flowers 
large, white ; fruit black, adhering to the receptacle. March- April. 
Common on dry, sandy soil. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 103 



V. FRAGARIA. 



Perennial herbs ; acaulescent, producing new plants at the 
ends of long runners ; leaves trifoliate, long-petioled ; flowers 
in long-peduncled cymes ; calyx 5-bracted, persistent, 5-parted; 
petals 5 ; stamens many ; pistils many, forming achenes 
which are inserted on a fleshy receptacle. 

1. F. Virginiana. Duchesne. Wild Strawberry. Leaflets 
thick, oval to obovate, coarsely serrate, somewhat hairy ; scape 
usually shorter than the petioles, few-flowered ; fruit ovoid, achenes 
imbedded in deep pits. March-May. Common. 

2. F. vesca JL. European Strawberry. Leaflets ovate or 
broadly oval, dentate above, cuneate below, slightly hairy ; scape 
usually longer than the petioles; fruit globular or oval, achenes 
adherent to the nearly even surface of the receptacle. March-May. 
Common in cultivation. Many of the cultivated varieties of straw- 
berry are hybrids between the two described above. 

VI. DUCHESNEA. 

Perennial herbs ; acaulescent, spreading and multiplying 
by leafy runners; leaves trifoliate; flowers axillary, long- 
peduncled ; calyx 5-bracted, 5-parted ; petals 5 ; stamens 
numerous ; pistils numerous ; achenes numerous on an en- 
larged receptacle. 

D. Indica (Andr.) Focke. Strawberry Geranium. Leaflets 
oval or round-obovate, crenate, obtuse at the apex ; peduncles 1- 
flowered ; petals yellow ; fruit insipid. April- June. In waste places, 
escaped from cultivation. 

VII. POTENTILLA. 

Herbs or shrubs ; leaves palmately or pinnately compound ; 
flowers perfect, solitary or cymose ; calyx persistent, 5- 
bracted, 5-cleft ; petals 5, obcordate ; stamens numerous ; 
carpels numerous, inserted on a dry, pubescent receptacle, 
style terminal or lateral, deciduous. 

P. Canadensis L. Cinquefoil. Perennial herbs ; stem sim- 
ple, trailing or ascending, 2-3 ft. long ; leaves palmately 5-foliate ; 



104 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

leaflets oval or oblong, serrate toward the apex, entire below ; flowers 
yellow, solitary, on long axillary peduncles ; petals oval, a little longer 
than the sepals ; style terminal. June- August. In dry meadows. 

VIII, GEUM. 

Perennial herbs ; leaves pinnately divided ; flowers solitary 
or in cymose clusters ; calyx persistent, 5-bracted, 5-lobed ; 
petals 5 ; stamens and achenes numerous ; styles long, straight 
and smooth, or jointed and hairy. 

G. Canadense Jacq. AVhite Avexs. Stem erect, branching 
above, smooth or finely pubescent, 18-24 in. high ; radical leaves 
pinnate, or the earliest simple and rounded, long-petioled, serrate or 
dentate, terminal lobe larger than the lateral lobes ; stem leaves 
short-petioled, 2-5-lobed or parted ; flowers on slender peduncles ; 
petals white, not longer than the sepals ; styles jointed near the 
middle, the lower portion persistent and hooked ; ovaries and recep- 
tacle hairy, head of fruit globose. April-May. Rich woods. 

IX. AGRIMONIA. 

Perennial herbs ; stem erect ; leaves unequally pinnate, 
stipules leafy ; flowers small, yellow, in spicate racemes ; 
calyx tube obconic, 5-cleft, covered with hooked bristles ; 
petals 5, small ; stamens 5-15 ; achenes 2, included in the 
calyx tube, fruit drooping. 

A. parviflora Sol. Agrimony. Stem branched, hirsute, 3-6 
ft. high; leaves very numerous; leaflets 9-15, about 1 in. long, 
lanceolate or oblong, serrate, roughish above, pubescent below, glan- 
dular ; small leaf-segments often alternating with the leaflets ; flowers 
numerous, in long spike-like racemes, small, yellow ; mature fruit 
reflexed, glandular-bristly. July- August. On dry ground. 

X. ROSA. 

Shrubs ; stems erect, sometimes climbing, armed with 
prickles ; leaves pinnately compound, stipules adnate to the 
petioles ; calyx 5-cleft, the tube urn-shaped, becoming fleshy 
in fruit; petals 5, spreading; stamens and pistils numerous, 
carpels many, usually pubescent, inserted on the receptacle 
which covers the inner side of the calyx tube ; achenes bony. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 105 

[Most of the cultivated roses have many of the stamens 
transformed into petals, forming what are known as double 
flowers. A large portion of those commonly found in gar- 
dens are hybrids of several Asiatic species.] 

1. R. setigera Michx. Climbing Rose. Stem long, climbing 
or reclining, somewhat prickly but not bristly ; leaflets o-5, ovate, 
acute, sharply serrate, smooth and shining above, stipules narrow ; 
petioles and peduncles somewhat glandular-pubescent ; flowers in 
terminal corymbs, red or pink, 2-3 in. wide ; calyx glandular, 
sepals finally deciduous ; styles cohering in a column ; fruit glo- 
bose, smooth or slightly glandular. May-June. Borders of swamps. 
Often cultivated. 

*2. R. htjmilis Marsh. Pasture Rose. Stem erect, branched, 
usually armed with stout stipular prickles and with bristles, but 
sometimes nearly smooth, 1-3 ft. tall ; leaves mostly 5-foliate, 
stipules entire ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate or oval, shining above, 
pale beneath, sharply serrate ; flowers solitary or 2-3 together, 2-3 
in. broad, pink ; peduncles and calyx glandular-pubescent ; calyx 
lobes foliaceous, spreading, finally deciduous ; styles distinct ; fruit 
globose, hispid. May-June. On dry soil ; our most common wild 
rose. 

3. R. rubiginosa L. Sweetbrier. Stem erect or curving, 
armed with stout recurved prickles ; leaves 5-7-foliate ; leaflets 
broadly oval, coarsely serrate, glandular-hispid beneath, aromatic ; 
flowers usually solitary, white or pink ; sepals widely spreading, 
deciduous ; fruit obovate, slightly hispid. May-June. Common in 
cultivation. 

4. R. laevigata Michx. Cherokee Rose. Stem long, diffuse 
or trailing, armed with very stout recurved prickles ; leaves mostly 
3-foliate, persistent ; leaflets smooth and shiny, lanceolate, hispid 
below along the mid-rib, stipules deciduous ; flowers solitary, large, 
white ; calyx very bristly ; fruit globose. April-May. Common in 
cultivation and along fences. 



57. POMACES. APPLE FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, petiolate, stipulate, pin- 
nately veined, or pinnately compound ; flowers perfect, regu- 
lar, solitary or clustered ; calyx 5-parted, its tube coherent 
with the ovary ; petals 5 ; stamens usually numerous, both 
petals and stamens inserted on the tube of the calyx ; styles 



106 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

2-5, distinct or united at the base, ovary usually 5-celled, 
carpels leathery, 1-4-seeded ; fruit fleshy, formed of the 
thickened walls of the calyx-tube and ovary. 

I. PYRUS. 

Trees ; leaves simple, stipules small, deciduous ; flowers 
in terminal cymes, large, white or pink ; calyx urn-shaped, 
5-cleft, sepals acute ; petals rounded, short-clawed ; stamens 
numerous ; styles 5, distinct or slightly united at the base ; 
fruit pear-shaped, flesh with numerous hard grains. 

P. communis L. Pear. A tree, often very large, head usually 
pyramidal ; branches often thorny ; leaves thick and leathery, ovate 
or oval, acute, finely serrate or entire, pubescent when young, becom- 
ing smooth with age ; petioles slender ; cymes few-several-flowered, 
terminal, and at the ends of " fruit spurs " grown the previous sea- 
son ; flowers white ; styles not united ; fruit obovate. March-April. 
A European and Asiatic tree common in cultivation. 



II. MALUS. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves simple, toothed or lobed, stipules 
deciduous ; flowers cymose, white or pink ; calyx tube urn- 
shaped, 5-lobed, lobes acute, spreading, persistent; styles 
2-5, mostly 5, united at the base ; ovary 5-celled, seeds 1-4 
in each cell ; fruit globose, usually depressed or hollowed at 
the extremities, flesh without hard grains. 

1. M. angustifolia (Ait.) Michx. Crab-apple. A small tree 
with smooth, light gray bark; leaves lanceolate or oblong, serrate, 
pubesceut when young, acute at the base, short-petioled ; corymbs 
few-flowered ; flowers pink, fragrant, about 1 in. broad ; styles 
smooth, distinct; fruit nearly globose, about } in. in diameter, very 
sour. March- April. In open woods. 

2. M. Malus (L.) Britt. Apple. A tree with a rounded top 
and dark-colored bark ; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse or pointed, den- 
tate or nearly entire, rounded at the base, smooth above, pubescent 
beneath ; cymes few-many-flowered ; flowers large, white or pink ; 
calyx pubescent ; fruit depressed-globose to ovoid, hollowed at the 
base and usually at the apex. March- April. Cultivated from 
Europe. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 107 



III. CYDONIA. 

Shrubs ; very similar to Mains, but flowers usually solitary; 
carpels many-seeded, and fruit tomentose. 

1. C. vulgaris Pers. Quince. Shrub 6-12 ft. high; leaves 
oblong-ovate, acute at the apex, obtuse at the base, entire, tomen- 
tose below ; flowers large, white or pink ; fruit ovoid, tomentose. 
March- April. Cultivated. 

2. C. Japonic a Pers. Japan Quince. A widely branching 
shrub, 3-6 ft. high, branches with numerous straight spines ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end, glabrous and shining, serrulate ; 
stipules conspicuous, reniform ; flowers in nearly sessile axillary 
clusters, bright scarlet ; fruit globose, rare. February- April. Com- 
mon in cultivation. 

IV. AMELANCHIER. 

Shrubs or small trees with smooth gray bark ; leaves sim- 
ple, sharply serrate, petioled ; flowers white, in racemes ; 
calyx tube 5-cleft, adnate to the ovary ; petals oblong ; styles 
5, united below, ovary 5-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, often 
only 1 maturing; fruit small, berry-like. 

A. Canadensis (L.) Medic. Service Berry. A small tree, 
branches tomentose when young, soon becoming smooth ; leaves 
ovate to elliptical, finely and sharply serrate, acute at the apex, 
usually obtuse or cordate at the base ; racemes slender, many-flowered, 
appearing before or with the leaves ; flowers showy ; petals 4 or 5 
times the length of the smooth sepals ; fruit globose, dark red, edible. 
February-March. In rich woods ; extremely variable in height, and 
in shape of leaves. 

V. CRATAEGUS. 

Shrubs or small trees, mostly with numerous strong spines, 
wood very hard; leaves serrate, lobed or deeply incised, 
petioled ; flowers white or pink, in terminal corymbs or 
sometimes solitary ; calyx tube urn-shaped, 5-cleft, the limb 
persistent ; petals orbicular ; stamens few or many ; styles 
1-5, distinct, ovules 1 in each cell ; fruit a small pome with 
bony carpels. 

1. C. Crus-Galli L. Cockspur Thorn. Small trees with 
spreading branches ; spines usually numerous, long and stout, but 



108 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

sometimes few or wanting ; leaves thick, oval or obovate, shining 
above, paler below, obtuse or acute, and sharply serrate at the apex, 
cuneate and entire at the base ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, 
smooth ; flowers about \ in. w T ide ; styles 1-3 ; fruit red, subgiobose, 
\ in. in diameter. April-May. Common in open woods. 

2. C. spathulata Michx. Small-fruited Haw. A small 
tree, young twigs tomentose; spines 1-2 in. long; leaves small, 
spatulate, crenate at the rounded apex, entire and cuneiform below, 
coriaceous, glabrous, stipules lunate ; corymbs compound, many- 
flowered ; flowers small ; calyx lobes very short ; styles 5 ; fruit red, 
about the size of a small pea. March- April. On river banks. 

3. C. apiifolia (Marsh) Michx. Cut-leaved Haw. A small 
tree with stout spines ; the young branches, leaves, and corymbs 
whitened with short hairs ; leaves long-petiole d, broadly deltoid, 
deeply incised and toothed ; corymbs compound, many-flow T ered ; 
flowers about \ in. broad ; calyx lobes linear, glandular-pubescent ; 
styles 1-3, filiform ; fruit bright red, glabrous, small. March- April. 
River swamps. 

4. C. flava Ait. Yellow Haw. A small tree with very 
numerous spines ; leaves obovate, glandular-serrate at the rounded 
apex, cuneate below, pubescent when young ; petiole short ; corymbs 
few-flowered, slightly pubescent ; flowers \-\ in. wide ; calyx lobes 
entire or glandular-serrate ; styles 4-5 ; fruit pear-shaped, ^ in. or 
more in length, greenish-yellow. April-May. On sandy soils. 

58. DRUPACE^. PLUM FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, often glandular; 
stipules soon deciduous ; flowers clustered or solitary, perfect, 
regular ; calyx tube obconic, limb 5-parted ; petals 5 ; sta- 
mens numerous, both petals and stamens inserted on the 
summit of the calyx tube ; pistil 1, style 1, stigma usually 
capitate, ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled, but usually only one ovule 
maturing ; fruit a drupe. 

I. PRUNUS. 

Trees or shrubs, often spiny ; leaves serrate ; flowers mostly 
in axillary clusters ; calyx 5-cleft, deciduous ; petals 5, spread- 
ing ; stamens 15-25 ; style terminal ; fruit a drupe, exocarp 
fleshy, smooth, endocarp hard and bony, somewhat rough- 
ened, oval and compressed or subgiobose. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 1 09 

A. Stone oval, compressed, leaves convolute in the bud, 
branches often spiny. (Plums.) 

1. P. Americana Marsh. Wild Plum. A small tree, bark 
thick and rough, branches spiny ; leaves ovate or obovate, acumi- 
nate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, sharply serrate, 
rather thick, pubescent beneath ; petioles glandular ; flowers in 
lateral, sessile umbels, appearing with or before the leaves ; pedicels 
^— | in. long; flowers ^— f in. in diameter; calyx pubescent within; 
drupe globose, red or yellow, ^- 1 in. in diameter. March- April. 
Common in woods. 

2. P. angustieolia Michx. Chickasaw Plum. A small tree 
with spiny branches ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute 
at the apex, usually obtuse at the base, finely and sharply serrate, 
rather thin, smooth ; flowers in lateral, sessile umbels, pedicels 
short ; calyx smooth ; drupe yellowish-red, subglobose, skin thin, 
stone only slightly compressed. March-June. In old fields. 

B. Stone globose or slightly compressed, leaves folded in 
the bud, branches not spiny. (Cherries.) 

3. P. serotina Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. Often becom- 
ing a large tree ; bark on old trees rough, nearly black ; leaves 
rather thick, oval to lanceolate-ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex,, 
finely serrate with calloused teeth, glabrous above, pubescent on the 
veins beneath ; racemes terminal, long and spreading ; flowers white ; 
drupes globose, about \ in. in diameter, purplish-black. April-May. 
In rich woods. 

4. P. Caroliniana Ait. Cherry Laurel. A small tree ; 
leaves evergreen, coriaceous, smooth and shiny, ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, nearly entire ; racemes axillary, shorter than the 
leaves ; flowers white ; drupe small, black, ovoid, not edible, soon 
becoming dry. February-March. On river banks, and often culti- 
vated for ornament. 

5. P. Cerasus L. Cherry. Often becoming a large tree ; 
leaves oval or ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the 
base, irregularly serrate-dentate, smooth on both sides, resinous 
when young ; flowers in lateral umbels, white ; pedicels long and 
slender ; drupe globose, red or black. March-April. This is the 
European species from which most of our cultivated varieties have 
been developed. 

II. AMYGDALUS. 

Small trees; leaves simple, lanceolate, serrate, short- 
petioled ; flowers solitary or clustered, like those of Primus ; 



110 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

exocarp fleshy, velvety, endocarp hard and bony, compressed, 
deeply furrowed and pitted. 

A. Persic a L. Peach. A tree with a rounded top ; bark nearly 
smooth ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, smooth on both 
sides ; petioles usually bearing 2 or 4 crescent-shaped or cup-shaped 
glands ; flowers pink, scaly-bracted ; drupe ovoid, with a suture along 
one side. February-March. Often escaped from cultivation. 



III. CHRYSOB ALANUS . 

Low shrubs ; leaves nearly sessile, entire ; stipules minute ; 
flowers in terminal and axillary cymes or panicles, small; 
calyx 5-cleft, persistent ; petals 5 ; stamens numerous ; pistil 
1, ovary with 2 ovules of which only 1 matures ; fruit a 
drupe. 

C. oblongifolius Michx. Hog Plum. Bush low and straggling, 
seldom more than 1 ft. in height, unarmed ; leaves coriaceous, nar- 
rowly obovate or cuneiform, mucronate, smooth on both sides or 
pubescent beneath, 3-4 in. long; cymes mostly terminal, many- 
flowered, but most of the flowers abortive, greenish-yellow ; calyx 
pubescent ; ovary smooth ; drupe ovoid, nearly white, 1 in. or more 
in length, edible, stone grooved on one side. April-May. Dry 
sandy barrens. 

59. MIMOSACEjE. MIMOSA FAMILY. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees ; leaves alternate, pinnate, some- 
times 2-3 times pinnately compound ; stipules small ; flowers 
in long-peduncled heads or racemes, regular, hypogynous ; 
petals 3-6, distinct or slightly united ; stamens as many as 
the petals or more numerous, distinct or united; pistil 1, 
ovary 1-celled, ovules several ; fruit a legume. 



I. ACUAN. 

Shrubs or perennial herbs ; stems erect or diffuse, smooth ; 
leaves abruptly twice-pinnate ; stipules small ; flowers in 
heads or spikes on axillary peduncles, the upper perfect, the 
lower often staminate or neutral ; calyx 5-toothed ; corolla of 



DICOTYLEDONS. Ill 

5 distinct petals or 5-cleft; stamens 5-10, distinct; ovary 
nearly sessile, flat, several-seeded. 

A. Illixoexsis (Michx.) Kuntze. Desmanthus. Stem erect 
or ascending, glabrous, 1-4 ft. high ; pinnae 6-14 pairs, each with a 
minute gland at the base ; leaflets 20-30 pairs, small, linear ; heads 
globose; stamens 5; legumes several, on a peduncle 2-3 in. long, 
curved, flat, 2-valved, 3-6-seeded. May-July. Open sandy fields. 



II. MORONGIA. 

Perennial herbs ; stems decumbent or prostrate, prickly, 
2-5 ft. long ; leaves bi-pinnate ; stipules setaceous ; flowers 
perfect or polygamous, in axillary peduncled heads ; calyx 
minute ; corolla tubular, 5-cleft ; stamens 8-10, distinct ; 
legume long, prickly, 1-celled. 

M. axgustaia (T. & G.) Britt. Sensitive-brier. Stem 
armed with numerous, weak, recurved prickles ; leaves petioled, 
pinnae 4-6 pairs ; leaflets 12-15 pairs, linear, elliptical, very faintly 
veined ; flowers pink, in dense heads, peduncles shorter than the 
leaves ; legumes narrowly linear, long-pointed, prickly, 4-valved, 
several-seeded. May-August. On dry soil. 



III. ACACIA. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves pinnately compound or decom- 
pound ; flowers perfect or polygamous, in spikes or heads ; 
calyx 4-5-toothed ; petals 4-5, distinct or united ; stamens 
numerous, distinct ; legumes 2-valved, many-seeded. 

1. A. Farnesiaxa Willd. Opopoxax. Shrubs ; stem spiny, 
branching, glabrous, 2-4 ft. high ; leaves twice-pinnate ; leaflets very 
numerous, small, narrowly oblong ; stipules large spines ; heads on 
long axillary peduncles ; flowers yellow, fragrant ; legume long and 
slender, twisted. May-July. Introduced in waste places. 

2. A. Julibrissix Willd. Crimsox Acacia. A large shrub ; 
stem erect, smooth, glabrous; leaves decompound, pinnse 8-12 pairs; 
leaflets 25-30 pairs, oblong, oblique ; heads few-flowered, in terminal 
panicles ; flowers large ; stamens bright crimson, exserted, 3-4 in. 
long ; legume flat, few-seeded. May-July. Introduced and escaped 
from gardens. 



112 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



60. CJESALPINACE^E. SENNA FAMILY. 

Trees, shrubs or herbs ; leaves simple or compound, alter- 
nate, usually stipulate ; flowers variously clustered, perfect, 
polygamous or monoecious, regular, or irregular and somewhat 
papilionaceous ; calyx usually of 5 distinct or united sepals ; 
petals usually 5, the upper enclosed by those on the sides ; 
stamens 10 or less, usually distinct ; ovary 1-celled, usually 
several-seeded, fruit a legume. 

I. CERCIS. 

Trees ; leaves simple, stipulate ; flowers in axillary clusters, 
papilionaceous ; calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed ; stamens 10, 
distinct ; ovary short-stipitate, ovules several ; fruit a flat- 
tened legume. 

C. Canadensis L. Redbud. A small tree, 10-20 ft. high, 
wood hard but weak, bark smooth, dark-colored ; leaves broadly cor- 
date, abruptly acute, rather thick, very smooth above, often slightly 
pubescent below ; flowers several in a cluster, appearing before the 
leaves, pinkish-purple ; legume oblong, compressed, many-seeded. 
February-March. Common on rich soil. 

II. CASSIA. 

Shrubs or herbs ; leaves abruptly pinnately compound, 
stipulate ; flowers mostly yellow ; sepals nearly regular, 
slightly united below r ; petals 5, somewhat unequal ; stamens 
5 or 10, often partly irregular or abortive ; legume many- 
seeded, seeds often separated by cross partitions. 

1. C. Tor a L. Low Senna. Annual herbs; stem stout, erect, 
branched, glabrous, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves petioled ; leaflets usually 6, 
1-1 i- in. long, obovate, mucronate, entire, with a small slender gland 
between the lowest pair ; stipules deciduous ; flowers usually in pairs, 
f-1 in. broad ; stamens 10, the anthers of 3 being imperfect ; legume 
linear, curved, 4-6 in. long. June-August. On rich moist soil. 

2. C. occidentalis L. Coffee Senna. Annual ; stem erect, 
widely branched, glabrous; leaves petioled; leaflets 8-12, 1-2 in. 
long, broadly lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the 



DICOTYLEDONS. 113 

base, entire, glabrous, glands 2, conical ; stipules subulate, decidu- 
ous ; flowers in 2-1-flowered axillary racemes, f-f in. broad ; sta- 
mens 10, the 3 upper abortive ; pod linear, erect, slightly curved, 3-4 
in. long. June-August. Common in waste places. 

3. C. Cham.ecrista L. Large-flowered Sensitive-plant. 
Annual ; stem erect, widely branched and 1-2 ft. high, or nearly 
simple and 3-5 ft. high, rusty-pubescent or nearly smooth ; leaves 
very sensitive, petioled ; leaflets about ± in. long, linear-oblong, 
mucronate, petiolar gland cup-shaped ; stipules nerved, persistent ; 
flowers 2-5 together, on axillary pedicels, 1-1^ in. wide ; petals 
yellow, often spotted with purple ; stamens 10, all perfect; legume 
linear, pubescent, several-seeded. June-August. Common in waste 
places. 

4. C. nictitans L. Wild Sensitive-plant. Annual; widely 
branched, stem smooth or pubescent, 10-18 in. high ; leaflets 20-40, 
linear-oblong, mucronate, J-f in. long ; petiolar gland urn-shaped ; 
stipules persistent, lanceolate, veined ; flowers small, 2-3 together in 
nearly sessile axillary clusters ; stamens 5 ; legume pubescent, nar- 
rowly oblong, few-seeded. June-October. Common on dry soil. 



III. GLEDITSIA. 

Large trees ; bark dark-colored, nearly smooth ; leaves 
usually pinnately decompound ; leaflets serrate ; flowers polyg- 
amous, in small spike-like racemes ; calyx spreading, 3-5- 
cleft; petals as many as the sepals and inserted at the 
summit of the tube ; stamens 5-10, distinct, inserted with 
the petals; ovary nearly sessile, ovoid or elongated; fruit a 
legume, 1 or many-seeded, pod coriaceous. 

Gr. triacanthos L. Honey Locust. A large tree, usually 
armed with stout, branched thorns which are sometimes a foot or 
more in length ; leaves petioled, decompound ; leaflets short-stalked, 
lanceolate-oblong, bass inequilateral, smooth above, often pubescent 
below ; racemes solitary or in small clusters, drooping ; flowers in- 
conspicuous, greenish ; legume linear-oblong, often 12-15 in. long 
by 1 in. wide, twisted, many-seeded, glabrous and shiny, pulpy 
within. June-July. In rich woods. [The thorns are plainly modi- 
fied branches bearing dormant buds, and often partially developed 
leaves. The early spring leaves are usually only once compounded, 
while those of later growth are almost invariably decompound. 
Often a single leaf will show both forms of compounding.] 



114 



ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



61. PAPILIONACEJE. PEA FAMILY. 

Trees, shrubs, herbs or woody vines ; leaves alternate, 
stipulate, mostly compound ; flowers irregular, usually per- 
fect, solitary or variously clustered ; calyx 4-5-cleft or lobed, 
sometimes 2-lipped ; petals 5, the upper and outer one (the 
standard) usually longer than the others and enclosing them, 
the two lateral (the icings) usually spreading, and the two 
lower (the keel) folded together and often united; stamens 
mostly 10, monadelphous or diadelphous, rarely distinct ; 
corolla and stamens inserted in the base of the calyx ; pistil 
1, ovary 1-celled or sometimes 2-celled by the inwardly pro- 
jecting suture, and sometimes transversely several-celled ; 
fruit a legume, 1-many-seeded. 



Leaves trifoliate. 

Legume several-seeded. 
Plants erect. 

Legume inflated . . . 

Legume nodulose . 

Legume separating into joints 

Plants twining or trailing. 
Keel spirally twisted. 
Inflorescence racemose 
Inflorescence capitate 

Keel not twisted. 

Calyx 5-toothed. 
Standard spurred 
Standard not spurred 

Calyx 4-toothed . 

Legume 1-few-seeded. 

Leaflets serrate or denticulate. 
Legume coiled . 
Legume not coiled. 
Flowers racemed 
Flowers capitate 



I. Baptisia. 
XXVIII. Erythrina. 
XVII. Meibomia. 



XXVI. Phaseolus. 
XXVII. Strophostyles. 



XXI. Bradburya. 
XXII. Clitoria. 
XXIV. Galactia. 



IV. Medicago. 

V. Melilotus. 
VI/Trifolium. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 



115 



Leaflets entire. 

Leaflets glandular clotted. 
Flowers yellow 
Flowers white or purplish 
Leaflets not dotted. 
Flowers yellow 
Flowers white or purplish 

Leaves odd-pinnate. 
Stems woody. 

Shrubs .... 

Twining vines . 

Trees .... 
Stems herbaceous, erect or diffuse. 

Keel spurred, pod 4-angled 

Keel not spurred, pod flat 
Stems herbaceous, twining 



XXV. Rhynchosia. 
VII. Psoralea. 

XV. Stylosanthes. 
XVIII. Lespedeza. 



VIII. Amorpha. 
X. Kraimhia. 
XL Robinia. 

XII. Indigofera. 
IX. Cracca. 
XXIII. Apios. 



Leaves abruptly pinnate. 

Leaves with tendrils. 

Style bearded on the side nearest the 

keel 

Style bearded on the side opposite the 

keel 

Leaves without tendrils. 
Legume 2-seeded 
Legume many-seeded 

Leaves palmately compound. 

Leaflets several . . 
Leaflets 2 or 4 . 

Leaves simple. 

Legume inflated 

Legume flat, flowers yellow 

Legume flat, flowers blue, pink or 



white 



XIX. Vicia. 
XX. Lathyrus. 

XIII. Glottidiuim 

XIV. Sesban. 

III. Lupinus. 
XVI. Zornia. 

II. Crotalaria. 
XXV. Rhynchosia. 

III. Luninus. 



I. BAPTISIA. 



Perennial herbs ; stems erect, widely branched ; leaves 
simple or palmately trifoliate ; flowers in racemes ; calyx 4- 
5-lobed, persistent, the upper lobe usually longer and emar- 



116 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

ginate ; standard orbicular, its sides reflexed, wings about as 
long as the keel ; stamens 10, distinct ; the pod stipitate, 
long-pointed by the remains of the style ; plants usually 
becoming black in drying. 

1. B. laxceolata Ell. Narrow-leaved False Indigo. Stem 
pubescent when young, becoming smooth with age, 18-21 in. high; 
leaves trifoliate, on short petioles ; leaflets lanceolate to obovate, 
obtuse at the apex, narrowed to the base, rather thick ; stipules 
small and soon deciduous ; flowers yellow, axillary and solitary, or 
in short racemes ; ovary densely pubescent ; mature legume globose or 
ovoid, coriaceous, long-pointed ; plant blackening in drying. April- 
May. Dry pine barrens. 

2. B. tinctoria R. Br. Wild Indigo. Stem smooth, slender, 
2-1 ft. high ; branches slender ; leaves trifoliate, on short petioles, 
the upper nearly sessile ; stipules minute, quickly deciduous ; leaflets 
obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, 
entire ; racemes numerous, terminal ; flowers yellow, J in. long ; 
legume globose-ovoid, on a stipe about the length of the calyx, point 
long and slender ; plant blackening in drying. May-June. Com- 
mon on dry, sandy soil. 

3. B. alba (L.) R. Br. White Wild Indigo. Stem smooth 
and glaucous, often purple, 2-3 ft. high ; branches slender, spread- 
ing ; leaves petioled, trifoliate ; stipules minute, soon deciduous ; 
flowers white, mostly in a single raceme which is 1-3 ft. long, with 
occasionally lateral, few-flowered racemes ; pod linear-oblong, the 
point very slender and soon deciduous ; plant unchanged in drying. 
April-May. In damp soil. 

1. B. australis (L.) B. Br. Blue False Indigo. Stem 
smooth and glabrous, stout, 2-4 ft. high ; leaves trifoliate, short- 
petioled ; stipules lanceolate, persistent, longer than the petioles ; 
leaflets oblong, wedge-shaped or narrowly obovate, entire ; flowers 
bright blue, 1 in. long, in terminal, erect, loosely flowered racemes ; 
stipe about the length of the calyx ; pod oblong, with a slender, 
persistent point. May-July. Banks of rivers ; often cultivated for 
ornament. 

II. CROTALARIA. 

Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes with a woody base ; 
leaves simple ; stipules inversely sagittate and decurrent ; 
flowers yellow, in few-flowered racemes opposite the leaves ; 
calyx 5-toothed and often 2-lipped ; standard cordate, keel 
falcate ; stamens monadelphous, 5 of the anthers smaller 



DICOTYLEDONS. 117 

and more rounded than the others ; pod inflated and purple 
at maturity, seeds many, becoming loose in the pod. 

1. C. sagittalis L. Rattle-box. Annual ; stem widely 
branching, 3-6 in. high, clothed with brownish hairs ; leaves nearly 
sessile, oval or oblong-lanceolate, hairy ; stipules often wanting below ; 
racemes short, 2-3 flowered ; corolla about the length of the calyx ; 
pod oblong, glabrous, much inflated. May-July. Barren, sandy 
soil. 

2. C. Purshii DC. Narrow-leaved Rattle-box. Peren- 
nial ; root slender-fusiform ; stems erect, slender, with scattered 
hairs, 12-18 in. high ; lower leaves oval or oblong, the upper linear, 
thick and fleshy ; racemes 6-12 in. long, 5-10-flowered, flowers dis- 
tant ; corolla much longer than the calyx ; pod inflated, dark purple. 
May-June. Grassy pine barrens. 

III. LUPINUS. 

Biennial or perennial herbs ; leaves simple or palmately com- 
pound ; flowers showy, in terminal racemes ; calyx 2-lipped, 
5-toothed ; standard orbicular, with the sides reflexed, keel 
falcate; stamens rnonadelphous, anthers alternately oblong 
and roundish ; ovary sessile ; matured pod oblong, several- 
seeded, often compressed between the seeds. 

1. L. villosus Willd. Woolly Lupine. Biennial; stem erect, 
branching at the base, 12-18 in. high; leaves simple, long-petioled, 
narrowly oblong or elliptical, acute at each end ; stipules linear, 
sometimes 2 in. long, adnate to the petiole below r ; flowers red and 
purple, in dense terminal spikes or racemes 6-10 in. long ; legume 
oblong ; whole plant densely silvery-tomentose. April-May. Dry, 
sandy barrens. 

2. L. perexxis L. Perennial ; stem erect, pubescent, 12-18 in. 
high ; leaves palmately 7-9 foliate ; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, 
obtuse and mucronate at the apex, slightly pubescent ; petiole 
slender ; stipules small ; racemes terminal, slender, loosely many- 
flowered ; flowers purple, blue, pink or white ; legume oblong, 
densely pubescent, few-seeded. April-May. Dry, sandy soil. 

IV. MEDICAGO. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves petioled, trifoliate ; 
leaflets toothed; flowers in terminal and axillary spikes or 
racemes ; calyx 5-toothed, the teeth short and slender ; stand- 



118 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

ard oblong, much longer than the wings or keel ; stamens 10, 
diadelphous ; ovary sessile ; legume 1-several-seeded, coiled, 
indehiscent, often spiny. 

1. M. sativa L. Alfalfa. Perennial; stems erect, branching, 
pubescent when young, becoming smooth with age, 2-3 ft. high ; 
leaves short-petioled ; leaflets obovate, sharply dentate towards the 
apex, obtuse or sometimes emarginate or mucronate ; stipules lanceo- 
late, entire ; flowers blue, small, in rather close spikes ; legumes 
pubescent, coiled, few-seeded. April-September. Introduced from 
Europe, and cultivated for hay and pasture. 

2. M. Arabica All. Bur Clover. Annual ; stem procumbent, 
glabrous or slightly pubescent, 1-3 ft. long ; leaves long-petioled ; 
leaflets obcordate, toothed above, usually with a dark spot near the 
center ; stipules inequilateral, incised or toothed ; flowers small, yel- 
low, in globose spikes ; mature legume nearly globose, several times 
coiled, reticulated and spiny-toothed. April-June. Introduced from 
Europe and often cultivated for pastures. 

V. MELILOTUS. 

Annual or biennial herbs ; leaves petioled, trifoliate ; 
flowers small, white or yellow, in dense axillary and terminal 
racemes ; calyx 5-toothed, the teeth nearly equal ; standard 
erect, wings and keel cohering ; stamens 10, diadelphous ; 
legume longer than the calyx, 1-4-seeded. 

M. alba Desv. Melilotus. Biennial; stem erect, branching, 
smooth or the young branches slightly pubescent ; leaflets oblong or 
oblanceolate, rounded or truncate at the apex, serrate ; stipules 
small ; racemes long, slender, erect ; flowers white ; standard longer 
than the wings and keel ; legume ovoid, rugose, drooping, mostly 
1-seeded, scarcely dehiscent. April-October. Common on lime soil 
and widely cultivated. 

VI. TRIFOLIUM. 

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs ; stems more or less 
diffuse ; leaves petioled, trifoliate ; leaflets toothed or ser- 
rate ; stipules adnate to the petioles ; flowers white, yellow 
or red, in heads ; calyx 5-cleft, the teeth nearly equal and 
subulate ; petals withering-persistent, keel shorter than the 
wings; stamens diadelphous; legume smooth, 1-6-seeded, 
scarcely dehiscent. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 119 

1. T. procumbens L. Low Hop-clover. Annual ; stem slen- 
der, erect, diffuse or decumbent, pubescent, 6-10 in. long ; leaves 
short-petioled ; leaflets obovate or obcordate, finely dentate, the 
middle one distinctly stalked ; stipules lance-ovate ; flowers yellow, 
reflexed in fruit ; legume 1-seeded. February- April. Common on 
clay soil in waste places. 

2. T. incarxatum L. Crimson Clover. Annual; stem erect, 
somewhat branched, pubescent, 1-2 ft. high ; lower leaves long-, the 
upper short-petioled ; leaflets obovate or cuneate, toothed at the apex ; 
flowers bright crimson, sessile, in terminal heads which finally 
become much elongated ; calyx silky, its lobes long and plumose. 
March- April. Introduced and cultivated for fodder. 

3. T. pratense L. Red Clover. Biennial or short-lived 
perennial ; stems diffuse, branching, becoming decumbent, pubes- 
cent, 1-3 ft. long ; leaves long-petioled ; stipules large ; leaflets oval 
to obovate, finely toothed, often with a dark triangular spot near the 
center ; flowers red or purple, in globose heads, erect in fruit ; calyx 
teeth setaceous, hairy ; legume 1-3-seeded. April-September. In- 
troduced and widely cultivated. 

4. T. reflexum L. Buffalo Clover. Annual or biennial; 
stem erect or ascending, pubescent, 8-15 in. long ; leaves long- 
petioled ; stipules ovate, acuminate ; leaflets obovate, denticulate, 
prominently straight-veined ; heads globose, peduncled ; flowers 
rather large, reflexed in fruit ; calyx shorter than the corolla, the teeth 
linear ; standard red or pink, wings and keel white ; legume 3-5- 
seeded. April-May. Along fences and ditch banks on rich soil. 

5. T. Carolinianum Michx. Carolina Clover. Perennial ; 
stems diffuse or ascending, much-branched, pubescent, 6-10 in. long ; 
leaves short-petioled ; leaflets small, obovate or obcordate, slightly 
toothed ; heads small, globose, on long peduncles ; flowers white, 
tinged with purple, reflexed in fruit ; legume 4-seeded. March- April. 
Common in waste places. 

6. T. repexs L. White Clover. Perennial ; stems widely 
branching at the base, prostrate and creeping, nearly smooth, 6-12 
in. long ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets oval, obovate or obcordate, 
denticulate ; heads globose, long-peduncled ; flowers white, reflexed 
in fruit ; legume 3-4-seeded. April-November. Introduced ; com- 
mon about houses and in pastures. 



VII. PSORALEA. 

Perennial herbs ; whole plant glandular-dotted ; leaves 3-5- 
foliate ; stipules cohering with the petioles : flowers in axil- 
lary or terminal spikes or racemes ; calyx 5-cleft, the lobes 



120 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

nearly equal ; standard ovate or orbicular, keel incurved, 
obtuse ; stamens monadelphous or diadelphous, 5 of the 
anthers often abortive ; ovary nearly sessile ; pod included 
in the calyx, often wrinkled, indehiscent, 1-seeded. 

P. pedunculata (Mill.) Tail. Samson's Snakeroot. Stem 
erect, slender, branching above, pubescent, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves tri- 
foliate ; petioles shorter than the leaflets ; stipules subulate ; leaflets 
elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, sparingly glandular-dotted, the termi- 
nal one stalked ; loosely flowered spikes axillary and terminal, on 
peduncles much longer than the leaves ; flowers blue or purple, about 
^ in. long ; pod compressed-globose, wrinkled transversely. May- 
June. Dry soil. 

VIII. AMORPHA. 

Small shrubs, glandular-dotted; leaves odd-pinnate; flowers 
purple, blue or white, in slender spikes or racemes ; calyx 
5-toothed, persistent ; standard obovate, concave, wings and 
keel none ; stamens monadelphous, long-exserted ; ovary 
sessile ; legume curved, glandular-roughened, 1-2-seeded, in- 
dehiscent. 

1. A. fruticosa L. False Indigo. A shrub 6-15 ft. high, 
with smooth, dark-brown bark ; leaves petioled ; leaflets 15-21, 
short-stalked, oblong, obtuse or emarginate, sparingly punctate with 
pellucid dots ; slender flowering spikes panicled or solitary, 4-G in. 
long ; flowers blue or purple ; calyx teeth short, nearly equal, pubes- 
cent ; pod glandular. May-June. River banks. 

2. A. canescens Pursh. Lead-plant. A diffuse shrub 1-2 ft. 
high ; branches and leaves covered with a dense, lead-colored pubes- 
cence ; leaves sessile ; leaflets very numerous, crowded, small, ellip- 
tical ; spikes short, clustered, densely flowered ; flowers bright blue ; 
pod a little longer than the calyx, 1-seeded. June- July. On dry 
hills. 

IX. CRACCA. 

Perennial herbs ; leaves odd-pinnate ; stipules small ; leaf- 
lets entire ; flowers in terminal and axillary racemes or clus- 
ters ; calyx about equally 5-cleft ; standard orbicular, reflexed, 
silky on the outside, about as long as the coherent wings and 
keel ; stamens monadelphous or diadelphous ; legume linear, 
compressed, several-seeded. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 121 

1. C. Virginiana L. Catgut. Root long, slender and very 
tough ; stems clustered, erect, slender, seldom branched, silky-pubes- 
cent, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves nearly sessile ; leaflets 15-25, linear-oblong, 
acute or obtuse, smooth above, white-canescent below ; racemes 
mostly in a dense terminal cluster ; flowers large, showy, yellowish- 
purple ; pod linear, straight, densely pubescent. June-July. Dry 
pine barrens. 

2. C. spicata (Walt.) Kuntze. Goat's Rue. Stems diffuse, 
simple or branched, villous with rusty hairs ; leaves scattered, short- 
petioled ; leaflets 9-15, oval, strongly mucronate at the apex, smooth- 
ish above, hairy below ; racemes opposite the leaves, peduncle slen- 
der, 6-10 in. long, 6-10-flowered ; flowers large, white, becoming 
purple ; calyx lobes linear-subulate ; pod linear, pubescent, 10-12- 
seeded. May-July. Dry pine barrens. 

3. C. hispidula (Michx.) Kuntze. Goat's Rue. Stems slen- 
der, ascending or decumbent, rusty-pubescent, 1-2 ft. long; leaves 
short-petioled ; leaflets 11-15, small, oblong, acute or obtuse, usually 
smooth above ; peduncles lateral or terminal, slender, a little longer 
than the leaves, 2-4-flowered ; flowers small, purple ; pod linear, 
pubescent, slightly curved. May-July. Dry, sandy soil. 

X. KRAUNHIA. 

Twining woody vines ; leaves odd-pinnate ; racemes ter- 
minal ; flowers large and showy ; calyx 2-lipped, the upper 
lip 2-cleft, short, the lower longer and 3-cleft ; standard large, 
orbicular, with 2 calloused ridges at the base, wings auricu- 
late at the base, keel falcate ; pod long, stipitate, coriaceous, 
2-valved, several-seeded. 

K. frVjtescens (L.) Greene. Wistaria. Stem climbing 30- 
40 ft., often 2-3 in. in diameter at the base ; branches and leaves 
pubescent when young, becoming smoother w r ith age ; leaves short- 
petioled; stipules minute; leaflets 9-17, ovate-lanceolate, acute at 
the apex, rounded at the base ; racemes large, densely flowered ; 
calyx pubescent; corolla lilac-purple; pod 2-3 in. long, 2-4-seeded. 
April-June. River banks. Often cultivated for ornament. 



XI. ROBINIA. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves odd-pinnate ; stipules often spiny ; 
flowers showy, in axillary racemes ; calyx short, 5-toothed, 
the two upper teeth shorter and partially united ; standard 



122 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

large, orbicular, reflexed, keel obtuse ; stamens diadelphous ; 
style bearded on one side; legume compressed, several- 
seeded. 

R. rsEUDACACiA L. Black Locust. A tree of medium size; 
bark rough and nearly black ; twigs and leaves smooth ; leaflets 9- 
15, ovate or oblong, obtuse and slightly mucronate at the apex; 
stipules forming persistent spines ; racemes loose, pendulous, 3-5 in. 
long ; flowers white, fragrant ; pod smooth, 4-8-seeded. April-May. 
Introduced and quite common ; wood very durable when exposed to 
the weather, and extensively used for posts. 

XII. INDIGOFERA. 

Herbs or shrubs ; leaves odd-pinnate ; stipules small ; 
flow T ers in terminal and axillary racemes ; calyx 5-toothed, 
oblique ; standard orbicular, erect, keel erect, with a spur on 
each side ; stamens diadelphous ; legume slender, 1-many- 
seeded. 

I. leptosepala ~N\\tt. Wild Indigo. Perennial ; stem decum- 
bent, rough hairy, 2-3 ft. long; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets 5- 
9, short-stalked, linear-oblong; racemes peduncled, 6-15-flowered; 
flowers red ; pods not stipitate, linear, pendulous, septate between 
the seeds which are truncate at each end. May-August. On open 
ground. 

Besides the indigenous species described, I. tinctoria L. and I. 
Anil L. were formerly cultivated for the manufacture of indigo, 
and occasional plants are still found in waste places. 



XIII. GLOTTIDIUM. 

Annual ; leaves abruptly pinnate ; flowers in axillary 
racemes ; calyx 5-toothed, oblique ; standard erect, reniform ; 
stamens diadelphous ; style abruptly curved at the apex ; 
legume long-stipitate, narrowly elliptical, compressed, the 
outer and inner coats separating at maturity, 2-seeded. 

G. Florid anum (Willd.) DC. Coffee-weed. Stem yellowish- 
green, smooth, erect, widely branched, 4-8 ft. high; leaflets numer- 
ous, oblong-linear ; racemes long-peduncle d, often compound ; flowers 
yellow, near the summit of the peduncle ; legume 2 in. long. July- 
September. Introduced ; common on dry soil. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 123 



XIV. SESBAN. 



Herbs or shrubs ; leaves abruptly pinnate ;. flowers red 
or yellow, in axillary racemes ; calyx equally 5-toothed, with 
2 deciduous bracts ; standard erect, orbicular ; stamens diadel- 
phous ; ovary stipitate ; legume long, slender, many-seeded. 

S. MACKOCARPA Mtlhl. LONG-POD COFFEE-WEED. Annual ; 

stems erect, smooth, widely branched, 5-10 ft. high; leaflets very 
numerous, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate; racemes 1-4-flowered, 
shorter than the leaves ; flowers yellow and red ; legume very slen- 
der, knotted, pendulous, 4-angied, many-seeded, 8-12 in. long. June- 
September. Damp soil. 

XV. STYLOSANTHES. 

Perennial ; stems slender, branching, wiry ; leaves trifoli- 
ate ; stipules sheathing and adnate to the petioles ; flowers 
in terminal heads or short spikes ; calyx tube slender, cam- 
panulate, unequally 4-5-cleft, the lower lobe longer ; stand- 
ard erect, orbicular ; stamens monadelphous, alternate stamens 
longer; style filiform, the upper part deciduous, the lower 
persistent and hooked at the end ; pod 1-2-jointed, the lower 
joint empty. 

S. biflora (L.) B. S. P. Stems diffuse or ascending, pubescent 
or hispid; leaflets lanceolate or elliptical, rigid, veins straight, 
nearly white ; heads few-flowered ; flowers yellow, bracts bristly ; 
pod obovate, reticulate, 2-jointed, 1-seeded. May-August. On dry 
soil. 

XVI. ZORNIA. 

Perennial herbs ; leaves petioled, palmately 2-4-foliate ; 
stipules small, sagittate ; flowers in slender, axillary racemes ; 
floral bracts conspicuous ; calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft ; standard 
orbicular; stamens monadelphous, alternately shorter; legume 
compressed, 2-5-jointed, joints 1-seeded. 

Z. bracteata (Walt.) Gmel. Zornia. Stems from long and 
woody roots, smooth or pubescent, decumbent or prostrate, widely 
branched, 2-3 ft. long ; leaves 4-f oliate ; leaflets narrowly elliptical 
to oblong-ovate, acute at each end ; racemes 4-20-flowered, becom- 



124 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

ing much elongated in fruit; flowers yellow, nearly concealed by 
large, ovate, veiny bracts; pods flat, hispid, 2-5-jointed. May- 
August. Dry, sandy soil. 

XVII. MEIBOMIA. 

Perennial herbs ; sometimes woody at the base ; leaves 
petioled, trifoliate, stipulate ; leaflets stalked, stipellate ; 
flowers in terminal racemes or panicles ; calyx 2-lipped, the 
upper lip entire or emarginate, the lower 3-clef t ; stamens mon- 
adelphous or diadelphons ; ovary sessile or stalked ; legume 
flattened, separating into joints, hispid with hooked hairs. 

1. M. grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze. Pointed-leaved Beg- 
gar-weed. Stem erect, glabrous or pubescent, 2-4 ft. high; leaves 
mostly crowded at the summit of the stem; petioles long; stipules 
small ; leaflets thin, ovate or roundish, acuminate, smooth or slightly 
rnibescent on both sides; panicle terminal, long-peduncled, large, 
many-flowered; flowers large, purple; stipe much longer than the 
calyx tube ; legume 2-4-jointed, joints half-obovate, concave on the 
back, hispid. June-September. In rich woods. 

2. M. nudiflora (L.) Kuntze. Naked-flowered Beggar- 
weed. Stems smooth, erect, the sterile about 10 in. high, bearing 
a cluster of leaves at its summit ; leaflets ovate, the middle one long- 
stalked, acute or obtuse at the apex, often inequilateral, entire, pale 
beneath ; fertile stems usually leafless, 1 |— 3 ft. high, bearing a nar- 
row panicle of small purplish flowers; legume long stipitate, 2-3- 
jointed, joints straight on the back. June-August. In rich woods. 

3. M. canescens (L.) Kuntze. Hoary Beggar-weed. Stem 
erect, much-branched, rough, hairy, striate, 3-5 ft. high ; leaves 
petioled ; stipules large, ovate, acuminate ; leaflets ovate, usually 
acute, very rough, hairy; racemes terminal, compound; flowers 
purple, ^-i in. long; legume sessile, 3-6-jointed, joints convex on 
the back, rounded below, very hispid. June-August. Dry, open 
woods. 

XVIII. LESPEDEZA. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves trifoliate ; flowers small, 
in axillary clusters, often of 2 kinds, the larger showy and 
perfect, but sterile, the smaller inconspicuous, pistillate and 
fertile; calyx tube 5-cleft, the lobes nearly equal; stamens 
diadelphous, anthers alike ; legume small, flat, 1-seeded, 
indehiscent. 



DICOTYLEDONS, 1 25 

1. L. repens (L.) Bart. Creeping Lespedeza. Perennial; 
stem slender, prostrate, spreading, smooth or slightly tomentose; 
leaves nearly sessile; leaflets small, oval or elliptical, obtuse or 
emarginate at the apex ; the petaliferous flowers on slender pedun- 
cles longer than the leaves, the fertile flowers nearly sessile ; legume 
orbicular, finely pubescent. June-September. Dry, sandy soil. 

2. L. violacea (L.) Pers. Bush Lespedeza. Perennial; 
stem erect, spreading or diffuse, slightly pubescent, 1—3 ft. high; 
leaves short-petioled; stipules subulate; leaflets oval or elliptical, 
rounded at both ends, pubescent beneath; peduncles of the petalif- 
erous flowers longer than the leaves, flowers rather large, purple; 
fertile flowers in nearly sessile axillary clusters; legume flat, oval, 
much longer than the calyx, smooth or slightly pubescent. Plant 
extremely variable in habit of growth. June-September. Common 
in dry woods. 

3. L. striata (Thunb.) H. & A. Lespedeza, Japan Clover. 
Annual; stem diffuse or ascending; slender, wiry, sparingly pubes- 
cent, 6-18 in. long; leaves numerous, nearly sessile; leaflets oblong- 
obovate, margins ciliate ; flowers in nearly sessile, axillary clusters ; 
corolla pink or purple ; pod oval, acute, longer than the calyx lobes. 
June-October. Introduced from Japan and very common. 



XIX. VICIA. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves pinnate, tendril-bearing ; 
stipules half -sagittate ; flowers on axillary peduncles ; calyx 
5-toothed, the two upper teeth obovate ; standard obovate, 
emarginate, wings adherent to the keel ; stamens mostly dia- 
delphous ; style filiform, hairy, at least on the side facing 
the keel ; legume 2-several-seeded. 

1. V. sativa L. Common Vetch. Annual ; stem simple, smooth 
or pubescent, reclining, 1-3 ft. long; leaves short-petioled; leaflets 
5-7 pairs, ob ovate-oblong to linear, obtuse, emarginate and mucro- 
nate at the apex ; flowers in pairs, nearly sessile in the axils, pale 
purple, |— 1 in. long; legume linear, several-seeded. March- April. 
Introduced from Europe and common in cultivation. 

2. V. Ludoviciana Nutt. Louisiana Vetch. Perennial; 
stem smooth or slightly pubescent, angled, diffuse, 2-3 ft. long; 
leaves petioled ; stipules small ; leaflets 4-6 pairs, oblong or obovate, 
refuse at the apex; peduncles about as long as the leaves, mostly 
2-flowered; flowers small, light blue; legume broadly falcate, 4-6- 
seeded. April-May. In rich woods. 



126 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

3. Y. villosa L. Hairy Vetch. Annual; stem diffuse, 
angled, pubescent, 4-10 ft. long; leaves short-petioled ; stipules 
large; leaflets 10-20 pairs, cuneiform, refuse and mucronate at the 
apex, pubescent ; flowers blue, 1 in. long, in large axillary racemes ; 
legume oblong, 3-6-seeded. March-May. Introduced and culti- 
vated for winter pastures. 



XX. LATHYRUS. 

Like Vicia, excepting that the style is bearded on the side 
toward the standard. 

1. L. pusillus Ell. Dwarf Yetch. Annual; stem slender, 
erect or reclining, 10-15 in. long; leaves short-petioled; stipules 
sagittate ; leaflets 2, linear or linear-lanceolate, smooth ; peduncles 
longer than the leaves, 1-2 -flowered; flowers purple; calyx teeth 
nearly equal; legume long and slender, 10-15-seeded. February- 
May. On sandy soil, common along fences. 

2. L. venosus Muhl. Veiny Yetch. Perennial; stem stout, 
prominently angled, climbing or reclining, 2-5 ft. long; leaves 
short-petioled ; stipules large, lanceolate ; leaflets 5-7 pairs, broadly 
ovate, obtuse, mucronate; peduncles nearly as long as the leaves, 
many-flowered; flowers purple, f in. long; calyx teeth very unequal; 
pod linear, veined, 4-6-seeded. April-June. Shady banks. 



XXI. BRADBURYA. 

Perennial herbs ; stems twining or prostrate ; leaves 3- 
foliate ; stipules persistent ; flowers large, axillary, racemed 
or solitary ; calyx short, 5-toothed, the two upper teeth partly 
united; standard large, erect, orbicular, emarginate, spurred 
on the back ; stamens monadelphous below ; style smooth ; 
legume sessile, linear, many-seeded. 

B. Yirgixiana (L.) Kuntze. Spurred Butterfly Pea. Stem 
slender, much-branched, rough with hooked pubescence, 2-5 ft. 
long; leaflets ovate, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, reticu- 
late-veined, stipellate, the upper one long-stalked; peduncles as long 
as the petioles, often in pairs, 1-4-flowered ; flowers pink-purple, 1- 
11 in. broad, short-pediceled ; calyx lobes subulate ; legume linear, 
curved, the margin thickened, many-seeded, 4-6 in. long. May- 
September. Common on dry, sandy soil. 



DICOTYLEDONS, 127 



XXII. CLITORIA. 

Perennial herbs ; leaves petioled, 3-foliate ; stipules per- 
sistent ; flowers large, on axillary peduncles ; calyx tubular, 
.5-toothed, the two upper teeth partly united ; standard large, 
erect, orbicular, emarginate, not spurred on the back, keel 
much shorter than the wings ; stamens monadelphous below ; 
style hairy ; legume stipitate, flattened, few-seeded. 

C. Mariana L. Butterfly Pea. Stem erect or twining, 
smooth, 1-3 ft. long; leaves short-petioled, stipules small; leaflets 
oblong-lanceolate, pale beneath, stipellate; peduncles shorter than 
the leaves, 1-3-flowered ; flowers large, showy, pale purple, 1J-2 in. 
long; legume 1-1 J in. long, \ in. wide, acute, 3-4-seeded. May- 
August. Dry, sandy soil. 

XXIII. APIOS. 

Perennial twining vines, producing tubers from under- 
ground shoots ; leaves petioled, odd-pinnate ; flowers in dense 
axillary racemes ; calyx 2-lipped, the lateral teeth nearly 
obsolete ; standard broad, reflexed, keel twisted ; stamens 
diadelphous ; legume linear, compressed, many-seeded. 

A. Apios (L.) MacM. Ground-nut. Stems twining high, 
juice milky, rootstocks bearing edible tubers; leaves short-petioled; 
stipules small, soon deciduous; leaflets 5-7, ovate to ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute, slightly stipellate; raceme shorter than the leaves, 
densely many-flowered, often branching; flowers brownish-purple, 
about ^ in. long ; legume linear, slightly compressed, seeds black, 
separated by corky tissue. June- August. On damp soil. 



XXIV. GALACTIA. 

Perennial herbs ; stems prostrate or climbing, juice often 
milky; leaves 3-foliate or pinnate, stipellate ; flowers small, 
in axillary racemes ; calyx 4-lobed, the upper lobe largest 
and about as long as the tube ; standard oblong or obovate, 
reflexed ; stamens diadelphous : ovary nearly sessile, style 
not bearded ; legume linear, 2-valved, many-seeded. 

1. G. regularis (L.) B. S. P. Stems prostrate, minutely pubes- 
cent, branching, 2-3 ft. long; leaves longer than the petioles; leaf- 



128 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

lets oval, rigid, smooth above, pubescent beneath, the upper one 
long-stalked ; racemes shorter than the leaves, 3-6-flowered ; flowers 
large, reddish-purple; style long; legume linear, curved, nearly 
smooth, 4-6-seeded. June- August. Dry pine barrens. 

2. G. volubilis (L.) Britt. Stems twining or prostrate, much- 
branched, pubescent or nearly smooth, often several feet in length ; 
leaflets thin, oval to linear-oblong, rounded or emarginate at both 
ends, smooth or slightly hairy above, paler and pubescent beneath ; 
racemes slender, variable in length, often several times as long as 
the leaves, single or 2-3 from the same axil; flowers single, or 2-3 
together, purplish, about ^ in. long; legume linear, nearly straight, 
compressed, pubescent. June- July.- On dry soil. 

XXV. RHYNCHOSIA. 

Perennial herbs ; stems erect or twining ; leaves 1-3-foli- 
ate ; leaflets mostly resinous-dotted ; flowers yellow, in dense 
axillary or terminal racemes or spikes; calyx 2-lipped, 4-5- 
toothed; standard orbicular or reniform, reflexed ; stamens 
diadelphous ; ovary sessile, style slender ; legume short, 1- 
2-seeded. 

1. R. minima DC. Climbing Rhyxchosia. Stem twining, 
widely branched, tomentose, 3-6 ft. long; leaflets small, orbicular 
or rhombic, acute, rugose above, dotted beneath ; racemes very 
slender, 2-3 times as long as the leaves; flowers scattered, minute, 
reflexed; legume strongly curved. May-July. Sandy soil, espe- 
cially near the coast. 

2. R. simplicifolia (Walt.) Wood. Round-leaved Rhyn- 
chosia. Stem erect, rough, hairy, 3-8 in. high ; leaves pubescent ; 
stipules lanceolate; petioles about as long as the single, orbicular 
or reniform, erect, pubescent leaflet ; racemes dense, often clustered ; 
legume oblong, compressed, 1-2 -seeded. April-June. On dry soil. 

XXVI. PHASEOLUS. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; stems twining or prostrate ; 
leaves trifoliate : flowers in axillary racemes or clusters ; 
calyx 5-toothed, the two upper teeth somewhat united ; stand- 
ard orbicular, often recurved, keel spirally twisted; stamens 
diadelphous ; legume linear or falcate, few-many-seeded. 

P. polystachyus (L.) B. S. P. Wild Bean. Perennial: 
stem twining or trailing, branching, pubescent, 10-15 ft. long ; 



DICOTYLEDONSo 129 

leaflets ovate, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, the terminal 
one long-stalked; stipules lanceolate, deciduous; racemes axillary, 
often branched, much longer than the leaves; flowers purple, scat- 
tered, pedicellate ; legume stipitate, compressed, falcate, 2-3 in. long, 
4-6-seeded. June-July. Low woods and thickets. 

XXVII. STROPHOSTYLES. 

Annual or perennial; stems twining or trailing; leaves 3- 
foliate, stipellate ; flowers clustered at the summit of the 
axillary peduncles ; calyx 5-toothed, the two upper teeth 
more or less united; standard orbicular, keel twisted; sta- 
mens diadelphous ; pod linear, several-seeded, seeds scurfy 
or pubescent. 

S. helvola (L.) Britt. Trailing Bean. Annual or sometimes 
perennial; stem slender, trailing or twining, pubescent, 2-4 ft. long; 
leaflets extremely variable, from prominently 3-lobed to ovate .or 
oblong-linear; peduncles 2-4 times as long as the leaves; flowers 
4-8, sessile, greenish-purple; legume slender, terete, 4-8-seeded. 
June-September. Common in dry soil. 

XXVIII. ERYTHRINA. 

Shrubby or herbaceous ; stems armed with prickles ; leaves 
trifoliate; leaflets 3-lobed; flowers in long terminal racemes; 
calyx tubular, truncate and oblique at the throat ; standard 
narrowly oblong, erect, wings and keel small ; stamens and 
style exserted; legume stipitate, 2-valved, several-seeded. 

E. herbacea L. Coral Plant. Perennial, from a very large 
woody root; stems erect, smooth, purple, 2-3 ft. high; flowering 
stems leafless except near the ground ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets 
prominently 3-lobed or sometimes hastate, smooth, dark green, the 
terminal one long-stalked ; racemes erect, 1-2 ft. long, many-flowered ; 
flowers deep scarlet, 2 in. long; legume nodulose, opening by one 
suture, seeds bright scarlet. April-May. Light, sandy soil. 



62. GERANIACEiE. GERANIUM FAMILY. 

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs with tumid joints ; 
leaves alternate or opposite, simple, more or less lobed or 



130 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

divided, stipulate; flowers perfect, regular or irregular; sepals 
5, persistent ; petals 5, deciduous ; stamens 5, 10 or 15 ; 
ovary 1, compound, 5-celled, 1-2 ovules in each cell, styles 
5, usually long and persistent, adherent to the elongated 
receptaele. 

I. GERANIUM. 

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs ; leaves palmately 
lobed or divided, alternate or opposite, petioled; flowers 
regular ; stamens 10, the alternate ones usually longer ; ovary 
5-celled, 5-seeded, the 5 cells of the ripened ovary separating 
elastically from the elongated central axis. 

1. G. maculatum L. Wild Crane's-bill. Perennial, from a 
thickened and tuberous rootstock ; stems erect, simple or branched, 
hairy, 1-2 ft. high; leaves palmately 3-7-parted, the lobes incised 
or toothed, the lower long-petioled, the upper nearly sessile ; pedun- 
cles long and slender, usually with a pair of leaves at the base of 
the few-flowered umbel; flowers pink-purple, 1-H in. broad; sepals 
hairy and awn-pointed; petals entire, pubescent at the base; seeds 
reticulated. April-May. In damp, open woods. 

2. G. Carolinianum L. Carolina Craxe's-bill. Annual; 
stem decumbent or erect, pubescent; leaves palmately 3-7 -parted, 
the divisions narrow, toothed, and cut; peduncles short, 2 -flowered; 
flowers pink-purple or nearly white, about J in. broad; sepals pubes- 
cent, about as long as the emarginate petals ; seeds finely reticulated 
and pubescent. March-April. Common in waste places. 



II. PELARGONIUM. 

Perennial herbs ; stems sometimes woody at the base, and 
somewhat fleshy above ; flowers irregular ; sepals 5, the 
upper one with a slender, nectariferous tube decurrent on the 
pedicel ; petals 5, the two lower ones smaller ; stamens 10, 
3 or 5 of them sterile. A South African genus of which 
there are several species and many varieties in cultivation, 
all known by the general name " Geranium." 

1. P. zoxale L'Herit. Horse-shoe Geranium. Stem erect, 
widely branched, woody below; leaves alternate, opposite or some- 
times in o's, orbicular or reniform, palmately veined, crenate, pubes- 



DICOTYLEDONS. 131 

cent, usually with a dark zone near the middle ; flowers in a long 
peduncled umbel, showy, red or white, often double. Numberless 
varieties in cultivation. 

2. P. graveolens L'Herit. Rose Geranium. Stem erect 
or ascending, densely pubescent, 1-3 ft. high ; leaves alternate, pal- 
mately lobed or divided, the lobes often finely dissected, revolute at 
the edges ; flowers umbelled, small, light purple with darker veins ; 
whole plant very fragrant. Common in cultivation. 



63. OXALIDACEiE. SORREL FAMILY. 

Low annual or perennial herbs, with acid juice, root often 
bulbous ; leaves petioled, trifoliate ; flowers perfect, regular ; 
sepals 5, persistent ; petals 5, deciduous ; stamens 10, mona- 
delphous at the base, the alternate ones longer ; ovary 5- 
celled, several-seeded, styles distinct. 

OXALIS. 

Characters of the family. 

1. O. violacea L. Violet Wood-sorrel. Perennial, from a 
bulbous root, acaulescent; leaves long-petioled, leaflets obcordate, 
sometimes slightly pubescent, often with a dark zone near the middle ; 
scapes usually longer than the petioles, umbellately 4-10-flowered, 
pedicels slender; flowers violet-purple, nodding; petals obtuse, 2-3 
times as long as the sepals ; scapes and petioles 4-5 in. long. May- 
June. Common in rich woods. 

2. O. stricta L. Yellow Wood-sorrel. Annual or peren- 
nial; stem slender, decumbent or ascending, branching, 3-12 in. long, 
pubescent with long hairs; leaves slender, petioled, leaflets broadly 
obcordate, sensitive ; flowers yellow, in small cymes or umbellate clus- 
ters on axillary peduncles longer than the petioles; capsule erect, 
cylindrical, dehiscence loculicidal, often throwing the transversely 
ridged seeds to a considerable distance. March-December. Com- 
mon in waste places. 

64. RUTACE^). RUE FAMILY. 

Shrubs or trees ; leaves alternate, compound, exstipulate, 
punctate ; flowers perfect or variously imperfect ; sepals and 



132 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

petals 3-5 or none ; petals hypogynous or perigynous when 
present ; stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals, 
inserted on the glandular disk; pistils 2-5, often partially 
united ; fruit a capsule or a samara. 

I. XANTHOXYLUM. 

Trees or shrubs ; bark, twigs, and petioles usually prickly ; 
leaves odd-pinnate, punctate with pellucid dots ; flowers in 
axillary or terminal cymes, monoecious or dioecious ; sepals 
and petals 3-5 or none ; stamens 3-5, hypogynous ; pistils 
2-5, distinct, sessile or stipitate ; carpels 2-valved, 1-2-seeded ; 
seeds smooth and shining. 

1. X. Pterota HBK. Bastard Ironwood. A shrub or small 
tree ; branches crooked and armed with curved, stipular prickles or 
sometimes smooth; leaflets 7-11, sessile, obovate, somewhat crenate, 
dots few, rachis and petiole winged ; flowers in axillary, sessile or 
short-peduncled clusters; sepals, petals, and stamens 4; ovaries 2; 
carpels globose, dotted, stipitate. May-June. On rich soil, more 
common southward. 

2. X. Clava-Herculis L. Hercules's Club. A tree 20-40 
ft. high; bark very prickly; prickles on the older parts often sur- 
rounded by a ring of cork; leaflets 9-21, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
crenate, inequilateral, shining above; cymes terminal, appearing 
before the leaves; flowers small, greenish; sepals and petals 4-5; 
capsules 2-3, sessile. May -June. In rich, moist woods. 

II. PTELEA. 

Shrubs with smooth and bitter bark ; leaves trifoliate ; 
flowers in terminal cymes, polygamous ; sepals 3-6, decidu- 
ous, much shorter than the petals ; stamens 4-5, longer than 
the petals and alternate with them ; pistillate flowers pro- 
ducing abortive stamens ; ovary compressed, 2-celled ; fruit a 
2-celled, 2-seeded, broadly winged samara. 

P. trifoliata L. Hop-tree. A shrub 4-8 ft. high; leaves 
long-petioled, leaflets oval or ovate, acute, obscurely serrate, the lateral 
ones oblique ; cymes compound ; flowers greenish ; stamens mostly 4, 
filaments villous; samara about 1 in. in diameter, wing emarginate, 
strongly reticulated. May-June. Rocky banks. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 



65. SIMARUBACE^. AILAXTHUS FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs, bark bitter, juice milky ; leaves alter- 
nate, pinnately compound, stipules none ; leaflets not dotted ; 
flowers in large, axillary or terminal panicles, regular, dioe- 
cious or polygamous ; calyx 4-5-toothed or parted, persistent ; 
petals 4-5, deciduous ; stamens twice as many as the sepals, 
hypogynous ; ovary of 4-5 distinct or united. 1-seeded car- 
pels ; fruit a samara. 

AILANTHUS. 

Trees, bark brown, nearly smooth ; leaves odd-pinnate ; 
flowers in dense terminal panicles, greenish-white, polyga- 
mous or dioecious ; sepals and petals 5 ; staminate flowers 
with 10 stamens; pistillate flowers often bearing 2-3 stamens ; 
ovary deeply 2-5-cleft or divided, ovules solitary ; samara 
oblong. 

A. glaxdulosa Desf. Tree of Heaven. Trees, sometimes 
60-80 ft. high; leaves odd-pinnate, often 2-3 ft. long; leaflets many, 
usually opposite, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, truncate, 
oblique and usually glandular-toothed at the base, entire; flowers 
about \ in. broad, the staminate disagreeably odorous; samaras 
with oblong wings, 1 in. long. May-June. Introduced from China, 
and naturalized in many places. 

66. MELIACE^E. MELIA FAMILY. 

Trees ; leaves alternate, exstipulate, pinnately decompound ; 
flowers perfect, in axillary panicles ; sepals 5, short, obtuse ; 
petals 5, 2-3 times as long as the sepals, oblong, obtuse ; sta- 
mens 10, monadelphous ; ovary 5-celled, 10-ovuled ; fruit a 
5-celled, 5-seeded nut enclosed in a fleshy covering. 

MELIA. 

Characters of the family. 

M. Azederach L. Umbrella Tree. Trees of medium size 
with a dense hemispherical head; leaves bipinnate; leaflets ovate, 



184 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, irregularly serrate, 
glabrous; flowers in large, compound panicles, fragrant, lilac-colored; 
sepals linear-spat ulate, united at the base ; petals united below, spread- 
ing above ; fruit fleshy, enclosing a bony 5-celled nut with one seed 
in each cell, persistent through the winter. April-May. Intro- 
duced from China ; common in cultivation. 



67. POLYGALACEjE. MILKWORT FAMILY. 

Herbs, or rarely shrubs ; leaves simple, alternate, opposite 
or verticillate, exstipulate ; pedicels bracted ; flowers mostly 
in spikes or racemes, but sometimes solitary, with a general 
resemblance to those of the Pea family ; sepals 5, persistent, 
the two lateral longer and wing-like ; petals 3, somewhat 
united, the middle one longer, usually crested and forming a 
keel, sometimes with 2 additional scale-like petals ; stamens 
4-8, monadelphous or diadelphous ; ovary superior, com- 
pound; fruit a 2-seeded capsule, seeds usually carunculate 
and hairy. 

POLYGALA. 

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs ; leaves alternate, 
opposite or verticillate, usually small and narrow ; flowers 
usually spiked or racemed, but sometimes solitary, and occa- 
sionally on subterranean branches ; stamens 8 or sometimes 
6, somewhat united w r ith the petals, usually monadelphous ; 
style simple, curved, club-shaped ; capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, 
seeds carunculate and hairy. 

1. P. ramosa Ell. Low Yellow Milkwort. Biennial ; stems 
single or tufted, erect, simple, 6-12 in. high; leaves alternate, basal 
leaves spatulate to obovate, obtuse ; stem leaves linear-oblong, acute, 
numerous, somewhat fleshy; flowers bright yellow, in corymbose 
spikes, wings oblong, acute, crest minute; seeds small, oval, hairy, 
at least twice the length of the caruncle; plant turning greenish- 
black in drying. June-September. Open pine barrens. 

2. P. lutea L. Orange Milkwort. Biennial; stem simple 
or occasionally branched, erect, glabrous, 6-12 in. high; leaves alter- 
nate, root leaves spatulate, obtuse, stem leaves oblanceolate, acute ; 
spikes solitary, terminal, oblong, dense ; flowers orange-yellow, wings 



DICOTYLEDONS. 135 

elliptical or ovate, acute, crest minute; seeds obovate, sparsely hairy, 
a little longer than the lobes of the caruncle. May- August. Moist 
woods. 

3. P. incarnata L. Pink Milkwort. Annual; stem simple 
or rarely branched, erect, glaucous, 12-18 in. high; leaves few, 
alternate, fleshy, linear, sometimes small and scale-like; spike ter- 
minal, solitary, slender, densely flowered; flowers pink; petals united 
into a tube twice the length of the elliptical wings, crest conspicu- 
ous ; seeds oval, hairy, caruncle spongy. May-August. Dry soil in 
open fields. 

4. P. grandiflora Walt. Showy Milkwort. Perennial or 
biennial; stems erect or ascending, branched, 6-12 in. high; leaves 
alternate, elliptical, pubescent; flowers in long terminal and axil- 
lary racemes, large, pink or purple, wings large, orbicular, pedicels 
drooping ; seeds oblong, hairy, caruncle small. May-September. 
Dry, sandy soil. 

5. P. polygama Walt. Racemed Milkwort. Biennial; stems 
erect, simple, numerous, smooth, very leafy ; leaves elliptical or the 
lower spatulate ; flowers of two kinds, the showy and perfect purple 
flowers in loose terminal racemes, and the subterranean inconspicu- 
ous but fertile flowers ; seeds oblong or ovate, very hairy, twice the 
length of the caruncle. April-June. Wet pine barrens. 

68. EUPHORBIACEiE. SPUPGE FAMILY. 

Trees, shrubs or herbs, with an acrid, and usually milky 
juice; leaves alternate, opposite or verticillate, petioled or 
sessile, stipulate or exstipulate ; flowers various, often monoe- 
cious, petaloid or enclosed in a petal-like involucre ; stamens 
few or many ; styles usually 3, simple or much-divided : 
ovary usually 3-celled, sometimes 2-celled, with 2 ovules sus- 
pended in each cell, the carpels at length separating from 
the central axis. 

I. RICINUS. 

Annual herbs, shrubs or trees ; leaves alternate, simple, 
petioled, palmately lobed ; flowers monoecious, in a large ob- 
long spike or panicle, the pistillate flowers at the summit ; 
calyx 3-5-parted ; petals wanting ; stamens numerous, fila- 
ments branched ; style short, stigmas 3, 2-parted ; capsule 
spiny, 3-celled, 3-seeded. 



136 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

R. communis L. Castor Bean. Annual, becoming a tree in 
the tropics; stem smooth and glaucous, 6-12 ft. high; leaves large, 
often 1 ft. broad, peltate, palmately 6-12-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, 
irregularly toothed, petioles long, glandular ; stipules large, decidu- 
ous; panicles in the forks of the stem, dense; capsules very spiny, 
i-f in. long; seeds oval, smooth, mottled. June-October. Intro- 
duced from India. 

II. JATROPHA. 

Shrubs or herbs ; leaves alternate ; flowers monoecious, 
staminate and pistillate intermixed in the cymes, apetalous : 
calyx large, white, 5-lobed, corolla-like ; stamens numerous, 
usually nionadelphous ; ovary usually 3-celled, 3-seeded ; styles 
3, united at the base, several-parted. 

J. stimulosa Michx. Spurge Nettle. Perennial herbs armed 
with stinging hairs; stems erect, branched, bright green with white 
lines, 8-15 in. high; leaves long-petioled, deeply palmately 3-5- 
lobed, the lobes irregularly cut and toothed, often mottled; sepals 
white, spreading; seeds oblong, smooth, mottled. April-September. 
In dry woods. 

III. EUPHORBIA. 

Herbs with milky juice ; inflorescence cymose ; flowers 
monoecious, without calyx or corolla, usually 1 pistillate and 
several monandrous staminate flowers are surrounded by 
cup-like involucre resembling a corolla, and often gland-bear- 
ing between its 4-5 lobes ; styles 3, each 2-cleft ; capsule 
stipitate, 3-celled, 3-seeded. 

1. E. maculata L. Spotted Spurge. Annual ; stem pros- 
trate, widely branched, pubescent, 1-12 in. long; leaves opposite, 
stipulate, short-petiole d, oblong, oblique at the base, serrate, usually 
blotched with purple ; involucres small, and mostly near the ends of 
the branches; glands 4, cup-shaped, their appendages white; cap- 
sule ovoid, pubescent, seed 4-angled, faintly wrinkled and pitted. 
June-October. Very common in waste places. 

2. E. corollata L. Flowering Spurge. Perennial; stem 
erect, umbellately branched above, smooth or pubescent, 1-3 ft. 
high; leaves of the stem alternate, those of the branches usually 
opposite or whorled, rather thick, oval to narrowly oblong, pale 
beneath, usually slightly pubescent; flowering branches repeatedly 
forked ; involucres terminal and in the forks of the branches, pedun- 



DICOTYLEDONS. 137 

cled ; glands 4-5, oblong, green ; appendages white and petal-like, 

showy ; capsule erect, seed smooth or faintly pitted. April-Novem- 
ber. Common in dry, open woods. 



69. ANACARDIACE^E. SUMAC FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs with resinous, acrid or milky sap ; leaves 
simple, trifoliate or pinnately compound, alternate, exstipu- 
late ; flowers perfect or imperfect, small ; calyx 3-5-parted, 
persistent ; petals 3-5 or wanting ; stamens as many as the 
sepals or sometimes twice as many, inserted in the base of 
the calyx, distinct ; ovary free, 1 -celled, styles 1-3 ; fruit a 
1-seeded drupe. 

I. RHUS. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves trifoliate or odd-pinnate ; flowers 
in spikes or panicles ; calyx mostly 5-parted ; petals and 
stamens 5; pistil 1, sessile, styles 3, terminal; drupe small, 
smooth or pubescent. 

1. R. copallina L. Sumac. A shrnb or small tree, sometimes 
25-30 ft. high; branches tomentose; leaves odd-pinnate, rachis 
pubescent and wing-margined; leaflets 9-21, ovate-lanceolate, acute 
at the apex, inequilateral, entire or slightly toothed, smooth and 
green above, pale and pubescent beneath; panicle often large and 
spreading; flowers polygamous; drupe red, hairy, acid. June- 
August. Open woods. 

2. K. hirta (L.) Sudw. Staghorn Sumac. A small tree, 20- 
40 ft. high; branches and petioles villous; leaves odd-pinnate, leaflets 
17-27, lanceolate-oblong, acuminate at the apex, very obtuse at the 
base, sharply serrate, smooth above, pale and pubescent beneath; 
flowers polygamous, in dense terminal panicles; drupes reel, with 
crimson hairs. June -July. Dry hillsides. 

3. E. aromatica Ait. Fragrant Sumac. A branching shrub, 
2-5 ft. high ; leaves trifoliate, pubescent when young, smooth when 
old ; leaflets ovate or the terminal one obovate, larger and somewhat 
3-lobed or crenate ; flowers dioecious, in single or clustered terminal 
spikes 1 in. or more in length, appearing before the leaves; drupe 
red, hairy. March-April. Dry, open woods. 

4. R. radicans L. Poison Vine. Stem a woody vine climb- 
ing high by aerial rootlets, or sometimes short and erect; leaves 



138 ^ ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

petioled, trifoliate, pubescent; leaflets ovate or oval, acuminate, 
entire or somewhat dentate, often angled or lobed ; flowers dioecious, 
in loose axillary panicles; drupe nearly white, smooth. May-June. 
Common in open woods and along fences. Plant poisonous to the 
touch. 

II. COTINUS. 

Shrubs or small trees ; leaves simple ; flowers in large ter- 
minal panicles ; calyx 5-parted ; petals 5, longer than the 
sepals; stamens 5; styles 3, lateral; drupe ovoid, inequi- 
lateral. 

C. cotixoides (Xutt.) Britt. Smoke Tree. A small tree; 
leaves oval or obovate, obtuse at the apex, acute at the base, entire, 
glabrous or slightly pubescent; flowers in loose and spreading pani- 
cles, many of the pedicels abortive but becoming elongated and 
very plumose ; flowers small, perfect ; drupe smooth. May- June. 
Often cultivated for ornament. 



70. CYRILLACEiE. CYRILLA FAMILY. 

Small trees or shrubs ; leaves often evergreen, alternate ; 
stipules none ; flowers perfect, in terminal and lateral racemes ; 
sepals 4-8, persistent ; petals as many as the sepals, hypogy- 
nous ; stamens 5-10, distinct ; ovary 2-5-celled, 2-5-ovuled, 
style entire or 2-4-lobed; fruit dry, 1-5-seeded. 

I. CYRILLA. 

Small trees ; branches glabrous ; leaves entire, short- 
petioled ; flowers white, in racemes clustered at the base of 
the growth of the season ; sepals 5, small ; petals 5, spread- 
ing, deciduous, longer than the sepals ; stamens 5, alternate 
with the petals ; style persistent, 2-lobed ; fruit 2-celled, 
2-seeded. 

C. racemiflora Walt. Leatherwood. A shrub, 10-15 ft. 
high; branches often in whorls; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, 
smooth, entire; racemes many-flowered, 4-6 in. long, pedicels 
bracted; fruit ovate, about ^ in. long, tipped with the persistent 
style. June- July. Common on damp soil. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 139 



II. CLIFTONIA. 

Small trees or shrubs ; branches smooth ; leaves evergreen, 
entire, glaucous ; flowers white, racemose ; sepals 5-8, minute ; 
petals 5-8, spreading; stamens 10, those opposite the petals 
longer ; stigma sessile, 3-4-lobed ; fruit 3-4-winged, 3-4- 
celled, cells 1-seeded. 

C. LiGUSTRiNA Banks. Titi. A small tree; leaves obovate or 
oblong, glaucous, thick; racemes terminal, 2-4 in. long, many- 
flowered; flowers white, fragrant; fruit nodding, long-persistent. 
March-April On damp soil, more abundant southward. 



71. ILICACEJE. HOLLY FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves simple, alternate, petioled ; stipules 
small or wanting ; flowers small, greenish, clustered or soli- 
tary in the axils, usually dioecious ; calyx 4-9-parted ; petals 
4-9, somew^hat united at the base ; stamens inserted in the 
tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; ovary free, 
4-9-celled, with a single ovule in each cell ; fruit a berry-like 
drupe, 4-9-seeded. 

ILEX. 

Small trees or shrubs ; leaves usually coriaceous, often per- 
sistent and evergreen ; stipules minute ; flowers axillary, 4-9- 
parted, the fertile often solitary and the staminate clustered ; 
fruit a drupe with 4-9 nutlets. 

1. I. opaca Ait. Holly. Trees with smooth, light-colored 
bark, and hard, very white wood; young twigs pubescent; leaves 
coriaceous, oval or ovate, margin prickly toothed, dark green and 
shining above, paler and sometimes slightly puberulent beneath; 
peduncles short, bracted ; flowers 4-parted, staminate flowers in small 
cymes, the pistillate usually solitary; drupes bright red. April- 
May. Damp, sandy soil. 

2. I. decidua Walt. Deciduous Holly. Small trees; twigs 
smooth ; leaves thin, obovate, obtuse or sometimes acute at the apex, 
crenate, smooth, deciduous ; flowers in sessile clusters, 4-6-part°d ; 
drupes very numerous, bright red. April-May. On low ground. 



140 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



72. CELASTRACE^E. STAFF-TREE FAMILY. 

Shrubs, sometimes climbing ; leaves simple, alternate or 
opposite, stipulate ; flowers small, regular, perfect ; calyx 
4-5-parted, persistent ; petals 4-5 ; stamens 4-5, alternate 
with the petals and inserted with them on the disk ; ovary 
1, carpels 2-5, styles exserted; fruit a 2-5-celled pod, seeds 
ariled. 

EUONYMUS. 

Shrubs with 4-angled branches ; leaves opposite ; flowers 
in axillary, peduncled cymes, purplish or greenish, small ; 
sepals and petals 4-5, spreading ; stamens as many as the 
petals, short ; ovary 3-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ; 
seeds enclosed in a red, fleshy aril. 

1. E. Americanus L. Strawberry Bush. A shrub 3-8 ft. 
high; leaves short-petioled, ovate to ovate -lanceolate, acute or acumi- 
nate at the apex, finely serrulate, smooth or slightly hairy ; peduncles 
axillary, slender, 1-3-flowered ; flowers greenish ; capsule 3-5-angled, 
warty- May-June. In low, shady woods. 

2. E. atropurptjreus Jacq. Wahoo. A tree-like shrub 10-15 
ft. high ; leaves oval to ovate, acuminate, finely serrulate, puberulent, 
petioles £-■ | in. long; peduncles slender, 3-forked, several flowered; 
flower purplish; capsule deeply 3-4-lobed, smooth. May-June. 
River banks. 



73. ACERACEiE. MAPLE FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs, with watery, often saccharine sap ; leaves 
opposite, simple and palmately lobed, or pinnate, exstipu- 
late ; flowers regular, mostly polygamous or dioecious, in 
axillary and terminal cymes or racemes; calyx 4-9-parted; 
petals as many as the lobes of the calyx or none ; stamens 
4-12, hypogynous ; ovary 2-celled, styles 2 ; fruit a double 
samara. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 141 



ACER. 

Characters of the family. 

1. A. rubrum L. Red Maple. A small tree with red or 
purple twigs; leaves simple, broadly ovate, palmately 3-5-lobed or 
sometimes merely serrate or cut-toothed, acuminate at the apex, 
rounded or cordate at the base, smooth or pubescent, becoming 
bright red in autumn ; flowers appearing before the leaves on erect, 
clustered pedicels; petals red or yellow, oblong or linear; fruiting 
pedicels elongated and drooping ; samara red, smooth, wings about 
an inch long. February- April. Swamps and river banks. 

2. A. Saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple. A large tree; 
leaves simple, palmately lobed, truncate or cordate at the base, 
lobes sinuate-toothed and acuminate, pale and slightly pubescent 
beneath; flowers appearing with the leaves, on clustered, drooping 
pedicels; calyx bell-shaped, fringed; petals none; samaras smooth, 
wings about 1-1 j- in. long. April-May. In cold woods, more 
abundant northward. The sap of this tree is the principal source 
of maple sugar, and some forms of the tree produce the curled maple 
and bird's-eye maple used in cabinet making. 

3. A. Negundo L. Box Elder. A small tree; leaves opposite, 
pinnately 3-5-f oliate ; leaflets ovate, lobed, toothed or entire, pubes- 
cent when young ; flowers dioecious, appearing from lateral buds 
before or with the leaves ; the staminate on long and drooping pedi- 
cels, the pistillate in drooping racemes; samaras smooth, 1-1 ^ in. 
long. March-April. River banks. Often cultivated as a quick- 
growing shade tree. 

74. HIPPOCASTANACEiE. BUCKEYE FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite, long-petioled, palmately 
compound ; flowers showy, polygamous, in terminal panicles ; 
calyx 5-lobed, oblique ; petals 4-5, unequal ; stamens 5-8, 
hypogynous ; pistil 1, ovary 3-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, 
style slender ; fruit a 1-3-celled, leathery capsule, 1-3-seeded, 
seeds with a large scar. 

JESCULUS. 

Characters of the family. 

M. Pavia L. Red Buckeye. Shrubs; stems erect, branched, 
4-8 ft. high ; leaflets usually 5, lanceolate to narrowly oval, acumi- 



142 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

nate at both ends, finely serrate, smooth or nearly so ; flowers in dense, 
erect panicles, bright red; stamens rather longer than the petals; 
fruit nearly smooth. March-May, Common in open woods. 

75. RHAMNACEjE. BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 

Trees, shrubs or woody vines ; stem often thorny ; leaves 
simple, alternate or opposite, stipulate ; flowers mostly in 
axillary or terminal cymes or panicles, small, greenish, per- 
fect or polygamous ; calyx 4-5-parted ; petals hooded, alter- 
nate with the sepals or wanting; stamens as many as the 
sepals and opposite them, perigynous ; style 1, ovary 1-4- 
celled with a single ovule in each cell; fruit a drupe or 
capsule. 

I. BERCHEMIA. 

Shrubs ; stems twining or erect ; leaves alternate, promi- 
nently pinnate-veined, stipules minute ; flowers in axillary 
or terminal panicles, or rarely solitary ; calyx tube hemi- 
spherical, 5-lobed ; petals 5, sessile, concave, as long as the 
calyx ; ovary 2-celled, half-inferior, stigmas 2 ; fruit an oval, 
2-seeded drupe. 

B. scandens (Hill) Trel. Supple-jack, Kattax-vine. A 
woody vine, often twining high ; older bark yellowish, twigs purple, 
wood very tough ; leaves ovate or oval, acute or obtuse, cuspidate at 
the apex, rounded at the base, wavy on the margins, green above, 
pale beneath ; flowers in small panicles ; drupe purple. May-June. 
In moist woods and along streams. 

II. RHAMNUS. 

Shrubs or small trees ; leaves alternate ; flowers in axillary 
cymes or panicles, perfect, polygamous or dioecious ; calyx 
tube urn-shaped, 4-5-cleft; petals small, often wanting; ovary 
superior, 3-4-celled, style 3-4-parted ; fruit a globose, berry- 
like drupe with 2-4 smooth or grooved nutlets. 

R. Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Buckthorn. A small tree 
with black bark and very hard wood ; twigs puberulent ; leaves 



DICOTYLEDONS. 143 

alternate, prominently veined, elliptical to broadly oval, entire or 
obscurely serrate, smooth or sometimes pubescent below; petioles 
slender, pubescent ; flowers in axillary, peduncled umbels ; petals 
minute; drupe globose, J-4 in. in diameter, 3-seeded, seeds smooth. 
May- June. On river banks. 

76. VITACEJE. GRAPE FAMILY. 

Climbing woody vines or diffuse shrubs; steins with joints 
distinct and enlarged ; leaves simple or compound, petioled, 
stipulate ; flowers perfect, greenish, polygamous or dioecious, 
in cymes, panicles- or racemes; calyx minute, usually trun- 
cate ; petals 4-5, distinct or united ; stamens 4-5, opposite 
the petals, hypogynous or perigynous ; ovary 1, usually more 
or less immersed in the disk, 2-6-celled, with 2 ovules in 
each cell, style short or none, stigma 2-lobed ; fruit a 1-6- 
seeded berry. 

I. VITIS. 

Climbing woody vines ; stems with tumid joints, climbing 
by tendrils opposite some of the leaves ; leaves simple, pal- 
mately veined or lobed ; stipules small, soon deciduous ; 
flowers mostly polygamous or dioecious ; petals often united 
at the apex and not expanding; stamens inserted between 
the lobes of the disk ; ovary usually 2-celled, 4-ovuled ; fruit 
juicy, 1-4-seeded. 

1. Y. Labrusca L. Fox Grape. Stems climbing high, often 
1 ft. or more in diameter; bark shreddy, coming off in long strips, 
young branches woolly ; leaves broadly cordate, more or less deeply 
3-5-lobed, mucronate-dentate, very woolly when young, becoming 
smooth above ; panicles of pistillate flowers compact, of staminate 
flowers looser; fruit about ^ in. in diameter, dark purple or some- 
times nearly white. April-May. In rich woods. Many of the cul- 
tivated varieties, Concord, Niagara, etc., have been developed from 
this species. 

2. Y. aestivalis Michx. Summer Grape. Stem climbing 
high ; bark shreddy ; leaves broadly cordate, 3-5-lobed, the lobes 
dentate, sinuses rounded, white-woolly when young, often nearly 
smooth when old; tendrils or panicles opposite 2 out of every 3 



144 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY, 

leaves, panicles long and slender ; fruit dark blue, small, very acid. 
April-May. In rich woods. 

3. Y. rotundifolia Michx. Muscadine Grape. Stem climb- 
ing high; joints short; bark not shreddy; wood very hard, often 
producing long, aerial roots ; leaves orbicular, cordate at the base, 
coarsely dentate, nearly or quite smooth; panicle small; fruit few 
in a cluster, large. May-June. The original form of the Scupper- 
nong grape. 

II. AMPELOPSIS. 

Climbing or diffuse woody plants ; leaves simple or pin- 
nately compound ; flowers in long-peduncled cymes, polyg- 
amous or dioecious ; petals 5, distinct, deciduous ; stamens 
as many as the petals and opposite them, inserted on the 
5-lobed disk ; ovary 2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell ; fruit a 
berry, not edible. 

A. arborea (L.) Rusby. Pepper-vine. Stem diffuse, tendrils 
often none ; leaves bi-pinnate ; leaflets small, ovate, irregularly lobed 
or toothed, nearly or quite smooth ; cymes opposite the leaves, fork- 
ing; berry small, black. May-July. Common on margins of 
streams. 

III. PARTHENOCISSUS. 

Woody vines, climbing by tendrils and rootlets ; leaves 
palmately compound ; flowers in compound cymes, perfect or 
polygamous ; petals 5, distinct, spreading, disk none ; stamens 
5; ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled; fruit a 1-4-seeded berry, not 
edible. 

P. QUiNQUEFOLiA (L.) Planch. Virginia Creeper. Stem 
usually climbing high, but sometimes short and prostrate, often 
producing many adventitious aerial roots which assist the A T ine in 
holding to a support ; tendrils usually terminating in flat, adhesive 
disks ; leaves palmately 5-f oliate ; leaflets oval, coarsely and unevenly 
toothed above, usually entire below, smooth or slightly pubescent; 
cymes large and spreading when mature ; pedicels red ; berries 
small, dark blue. May-June. Common in rich woods. 



DICOTYLEDONS, 145 



77. TILIACE^. LINDEN FAMILY. 

Trees or rarely herbs ; leaves simple, alternate ; stipules 
deciduous ; flowers in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles, 
perfect ; sepals usually 5, deciduous ; petals 5 or less ; sta- 
mens many, distinct or united in several groups ; style 1, 
stigma 4-10-lobed ; capsule 2-5-celled, 1-many-seeded. 

TILIA. 

Trees with rough, gray bark on the trunk, bark of the 
twigs smooth, lead-colored ; wood white and soft ; leaves 
cordate, usually inequilateral ; cymes axillary or terminal, 
peduncle adnate to a large, prominently veined bract ; flowers 
yellowish-white ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many, in 5 
groups ; ovary 5-celled with 2 ovules in each cell, stigma 
5-lobed; capsule 1 -celled, 1-2-seeded; peduncle and bract 
deciduous with the matured fruit, the bract forming a wing 
by which the fruit is often carried to a considerable distance. 

T. pubescens Ait. Basswood. A tree of medium size ; leaves 
ovate, acuminate at the apex, obtuse and oblique at the base, 
mucronate-serrate, woolly on both sides or smooth above when old; 
flowers fragrant, floral bract 2-3 in. long; fruit about \ in. in 
diameter. May-June. In rich woods. Bees gather large quanti- 
ties of nectar from the flowers. 

78. MALVACEAE. MALLOWS FAMILY. 

Shrubs or herbs with mucilaginous juice ; leaves simple, 
alternate, stipulate, palmately veined, usually with stellate 
pubescence ; flowers mostly axillary, on jointed peduncles, 
perfect, regular, often with a calyx-like involucre ; sepals 5, 
united at the base ; petals 5, strongly convolute in the bud ; 
stamens many, inserted in the base of the petals and united 
into a tube surrounding the pistil ; styles distinct or united, 
ovary several-celled ; fruit a several-celled dehiscent pod, or 
a number of separate 1-seeded carpels, united around a cen- 
tral axis. 



146 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



I. ALTHiEA. 

Biennial or perennial herbs ; stems erect, hairy or pubes- 
cent ; flowers nearly sessile, involucre of 6-9 bracts ; an- 
thers at the top of the column ; styles many ; carpels many, 
1-seeded, indehiscent, separating from the axis at maturity. 

A. rosea Cav. Hollyhock. Biennial; stem erect, 3-6 ft. high, 
hairy; leaves cordate, 5-7 -angled, the lobes irregularly toothed, 
rugose ; flowers large, sessile, white or colored, often double. Sum- 
mer. Cultivated and often spontaneous. 



II. MALVA. 

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs ; stems smooth or hairy, 
erect or procumbent ; involucel 3-leaved, persistent ; flowers 
peduncled ; petals obcordate ; anthers at the top of the column ; 
styles many ; carpels numerous, 1-seeded, indehiscent. 

M. rottjndifolia L. Cheeses. Stem annual or perennial, 
procumbent; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate or reniform, crenate 
or crenately lobed; flowers single or clustered; petals white with 
purple veins, about twice the length of the calyx lobes; styles 10- 
20 ; carpels broadly reniform. not beaked, pubescent. May-Xovem- 
ber. Common around dwellings. 



III. CALLIRRHOE. 

Perennial herbs ; stem erect, ascending or procumbent ; 
leaves long-petioled, lobed or divided ; involucel 1-3-leaved, 
persistent, or none ; flowers perfect ; calyx deeply cleft ; 
petals wedge-shaped, entire or crenate at the apex ; anthers 
at the top of the stamen tube ; styles many ; carpels numer- 
ous, 1-seeded, beaked at the apex. 

C. Papaver (Cav.) Gray. Poppy M allow. Stem simple or 
branched above, erect, rough-pubescent, 12-18 in. high; leaves 3-5- 
parted, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, irregularly toothed ; involucel 
1-3-leaved or none ; flowers axillary, solitary, on peduncles some- 
times 1 ft, long, purple, H-2 in. wide; petals finely crenate at the 
apex. May-September. Rich, open woods. 



DICOTYLEDONS, 147 



IV. SIDA. 



Annual or perennial herbs ; stem branching, erect or decum- 
bent ; leaves mostly undivided ; involucel none ; flowers small, 
axillary; calyx angular; anthers at the top of the column ; 
styles 5-15; carpels as many as the styles, mostly 2-valved 
and 2-beaked, separating from each other at maturity, seed 
3-angled. 

1. S. spinosa L. Prickly Sida. Annual; stem erect, widely 
branched above, 12-18 in. high ; leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, 
usually acute at the apex and rounded at the base, serrate, slightly 
pubescent, lower leaA^es often cordate ; petiole often with a tubercu- 
lar spine at the base ; stipules slender, hah the length of the petiole ; 
flowers single or clustered, yellow, J in. wide; peduncles shorter 
than the petioles ; carpels faintly reticulated. June-September. 
Common in waste places. 

2. S. Elliottii T. & G. Elliott's Sida. Perennial; stem 
erect, slender, with straight branches, rough, 1-4 ft. high; leaves on 
short petioles, linear - oblong or elliptical, serrate, nearly smooth; 
stipules setaceous; flowers axillary, yellow. |— 1 in. broad; pedun- 
cles longer than the petioles ; carpels slightly beaked, strongly reticu- 
lated. June-October. Open woods. 

V. ABUTILON. 

Herbs or shrubs ; stem erect, branched, usually softly 
pubescent ; leaves long-petioled, cordate or angled ; involucel 
none ; flowers axillary; anthers at the top of the tube; ova- 
ries 5 or more^ 1-celled, several-seeded ; carpels 2-valved, 
2-beaked, finally separating from each other and from the 
central axis. 

1. A. Abutilon (L.) Rusby. Velvet Leaf. Annual; stem 
erect, branched above, velvety-pubescent, 2-5 ft. high: leaves cor- 
date, acuminate at the apex, dentate or nearly entire, the blade 
about as long as the petiole; peduncles axillary, shorter than the 
petioles, 1— 3-flowered; flowers yellow ; carpels 12-15, strongly spinose- 
beaked, pubescent, somewhat inflated, 3-seeded. May-September. 
Introduced from China. Common in fields and waste places. 

2. A. striatum L. Abutilox. An erect or spreading shrub 1-4 
ft. high ; leaves long-petioled, angulate-lobed, acuminate at the apex, 
crenate, smooth on both sides; peduncles longer than the petioles; 



148 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

flowers drooping, red, yellow or white ; petals strongly veined ; sta- 
men-tube and styles long exserted. A common garden and green- 
house shrub. 

VI. MODIOLA. 

Annual or biennial ; stems prostrate, diffuse, often rooting 
at the joints ; leaves cleft or divided; flowers axillary, pedun- 
cled, red ; involucel 3-leaved, persistent ; anthers at the top 
of the column ; carpels 15-20, transversely 2-celled, with 1 
ovule in each cell, beak spine-like, the carpels finally sepa- 
rating from each other and from the axis. 

M. Carolixiana Don. Bristly Mallow. Stem pubescent or 
hirsute, widely branched, 1-2 ft. long; leaves long-petioled, deeply 
5-7 -parted, the divisions lobed or toothed ; peduncles finally becom- 
ing longer than the petioles ; petals about the length of the sepals ; 
carpels hispid and prickly along the back. June-September. Waste 
places. 

VII. HIBISCUS. 

Herbs or shrubs ; stem erect ; leaves dentate, lobed or 
divided ; involucel of many persistent bracts ; flowers showy, 
on axillary peduncles ; filaments united to form a 5-toothed 
tube which bears the anthers below the summit ; stigmas 5 ; 
ovary 5-celled, many-seeded. 

1. H. aculeatus Walt. Swamp Hibiscus. Perennial herbs; 
stems erect, rough-hispid, branched above, 3-6 ft. high ; kwer leaves 
cordate, 3-5-lobed, lobes toothed ; upper leaves narrower and nearly 
entire ; leaves of the involucel forked; flowers 3-4 in. wide, on short 
axillary peduncles ; petals yellow with a purple base ; capsule pubes- 
cent, seeds smooth. June- August. Margins of swamps. 

2. H. militaris Cav. Halberd-leaved Mallow. Perennial; 
stem erect, smooth, 2-4 ft. high; leaves long-petioled, thin, acumi- 
nate at the apex, cordate at the base, crenate, many of the lower 
ones hastate-lobed ; stipules deciduous; leaves of the involucel not 
forked; peduncles shorter than the petioles; flowers pale rose-color 
with a darker center, 2-3 in. long ; calyx enlarged in fruit, enclosing 
the ovoid capsule, seeds silky. June-September. Along streams 
and on wet soil. [Among the cultivated plants belonging to this 
genus are H. Syriacus, the Shrubby Althea, and H. esculentus, 
the garden Okra. Cotton belongs to the nearly related genus 

GOSSYPIUM.] 



DICOTYLEDONS. 149 



79. TKEACEM. TEA FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, simple, pinnately veined, 
exstipulate ; flowers axillary or terminal, showy, perfect ; 
sepals few or many, often unequal in size ; petals 4-7 or 
more ; stamens numerous, monadelphous below or in sets 
opposite the petals ; styles 2-5, distinct or united ; capsule 
2-5-celled, 2-many ovules in each cell. 

I. CAMELLIA. 

Shrubs or small trees ; leaves evergreen, often thick and 
coriaceous, smooth and shining ; flowers axillary or terminal, 
short-peduncled ; sepals many, the inner ones longer ; petals 
white or colored, obovate ; stamens many, monadelphous 
below ; styles united, stigmas 3-5 ; fruit a dry, 3-5-celled 
capsule. 

1. C. Japonica L. Camellia. Shrubs or small trees; leaves 
short-petioled, thick and leathery, dark green, shining, ovate, acumi- 
nate, serrate ; flowers mostly terminal, solitary ; petals red or white ; 
stamens very numerous, often many of them transformed into petals. 
February- April. Introduced from Japan, and hardy in the southern 
section. 

2. C. viridis. Tea. A branching shrub 2-6 ft. high; leaves 
petioled, lanceolate-oblong, acute, serrate, smooth and shining; 
flowers axillary, white, fragrant ; petals twice as long as the sepals ; 
capsule 2-5-celled, 2-5-seeded, seeds nearly black, as large as peas. 
March-June. Introduced from China and often cultivated. 

II. STUARTIA. 

Shrubs ; leaves alternate, deciduous ; flowers large, on short 
axillary peduncles ; sepals 5-6, silky, lanceolate ; petals 5-6, 
obovate, crenulate, • silky ; stamens monadelphous below, in- 
serted in the base of the corolla ; styles 1 or -5, ovary 5-celled, 
2 ovules in each cell ; fruit an ovoid, woody capsule. 

S. Malachodexdron L. Round-fruited Stuartia. Shrubs, 
6-12 ft. high; twigs pubescent; leaves short-petioled, oval, thin, 
finely serrulate, slightly pubescent; flowers 2-3 in. wide, on very 



150 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY, 

short peduncles; sepals roundish, silky-pubescent, united below; 
petals white, minutely pubescent below, round-obovate ; filaments 
purple, anthers blue ; style single, 5-lobed ; capsule globose, pubes- 
cent, seeds not margined. April-May. Shady woods. 

80. HYPERICACEiE. ST. JOHX'S-WORT FAMILY. 

Herbs or shrubs ; leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate, pel- 
lucid-punctate or black-dotted ; flowers solitary or cymose ; 
sepals 4-5, persistent, often unequal ; petals 4-5, deciduous, 
usually oblique ; stamens hypogynous, mostly numerous, often 
united at the base into 3 or 5 sets ; styles 1-several, distinct 
or united ; capsule 1 -celled with parietal placentae, or several- 
celled by the meeting of the placentae in the axis, seeds very 
numerous, small. 

I. ASCYRUM. 

Small shrubs with brown shreddy bark and smooth 2-edged 
branches ; leaves sessile ; flowers mostly solitary, yellow ; 
sepals 4, the outer pair orbicular or cordate, the inner nar- 
row ; petals 4, oblique ; stamens many, distinct or slightly 
united at the base ; styles 2-4, ovary 1-celled with 2-4 
parietal placentae; capsule 2-4-valved. 

1. A. stans Michx. St. Peter's-wort. An erect, branching 
shrub, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves oval or oblong-oval, sessile, obtuse, entire ; 
pedicels 2-bracted below the middle; outer sepals orbicular-cordate, 
the inner lanceolate ; petals obovate, longer than the sepals ; capsule 
shorter than the sepals. June-September. Common on pine barrens. 

2. A. hypericoides L. St. Andrew's Cross. Stems branch- 
ing, low and decumbent, 5-12 in. long; leaves oblong or narrowly 
obovate, narrowed to the sessile base ; pedicels 2-bracted above the 
middle ; outer sepals oval, obtuse, double the length of the pedicel, 
inner sepals very small ; petals oblong, approximate in pairs ; styles 
2 ; carjsule as long as the sepals. June-September. On dry, sandy 
soil. 

II. HYPERICUM. 

Herbs or shrubs ; leaves opposite, sessile or short-petioled, 
punctate or black-dotted ; flowers yellow, mostly cymose ; 



DICOTYLEDONSo 151 

sepals 5, equal or nearly so ; petals 5, oblique ; stamens 
numerous, distinct or united in sets ; styles 3-5, distinct or 
united, ovary 1- or sometimes 3-5-celled. 

1. H. maculatum Walt. Spotted St. John's-wort. Peren- 
nial from a woody base ; stem erect, branched above, 2-3 ft. high ; 
leaves oval, obtuse at the apex, clasping at the base, conspicuously 
black-dotted ; cymes large, many-flowered, pedicels short ; sepals 
lanceolate, acute ; rjetals twice the length of the sepals, black-dotted ; 
stamens numerous, in 3-5 sets ; styles 3, twice as long as the ovoid, 
3-celled ovary. June- August. Dry pine barrens. 

2. H. mutilum L. Dwarf St. John's-wort. Annual ; stem 
erect, 4-angled, branched above, 9-15 in. high; leaves oblong or 
ovate, obtuse at the apex, clasping at the base, 5-nerved; cymes 
many-flowered, bracted, branches slender ; sepals lanceolate, about 
the length of the petals; stamens 6-15, distinct; styles separate; 
capsule green, ovoid, 1-celled. June- August. Common on low 
ground. 

III. SAROTHRA. 

Annual ; stem erect, branched above ; leaves opposite, lin- 
ear or subulate ; flowers scattered on the branches, small, 
short-pediceled or sessile ; sepals 5, regular ; petals 5 ; sta- 
mens 5-10 ; styles 3, distinct, ovary 1-celled ; seeds striate. 

S. gentianoides L. Pine-weed. Stem with numerous erect, 
wiry branches, 9-18 in. high; leaves minute, bract-like; flowers ses- 
sile, yellow; sepals linear, half the length of the acute, purple cap- 
sule. May- August. In old fields on sandy soil. 



81. CISTACEJE. ROCK-ROSE FAMILY. 

Low shrubs or herbs ; leaves simple, alternate or opposite ; 
flowers solitary or clustered, regular, usually perfect ; sepals 
5, the 2 outer ones smaller and bract-like, persistent ; petals 
5, rarely wanting ; stamens few or numerous, distinct, hypogy- 
nous ; style 1, stigma entire or 3-lobed ; ovary 1-celled, several- 
seeded. 



152 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY, 



HELIANTHEMUM. 

Herbs, somewhat woody at the base ; stem branching ; 
flowers often of 2 forms, the one with large and shoVy petals, 
the other small and inconspicuous, both perfect ; stamens 
few or numerous ; style short or wanting, stigma capitate or 
3-lobed. 

1. H. Caroliniaxum Michx. Carolina Rock-rose. Peren- 
nial from a woody base; stems villous, 6-12 in. high; leaves short- 
petioled, lanceolate, or the lower obovate, acute, denticulate, margins 
not revolute ; flowers mostly terminal, all large and petaliferous, 
yellow, 1 in. wide; stamens many; capsule many-seeded. March- 
April. Dry, sandy soil. 

2. H. Canadense (L.) Michx. Frost-weed. Perennial from a 
woody base ; stems hoary-pubescent, erect, widely branched, 10-20 
in. high ; leaves lanceolate or elliptical, downy, or smooth above, 
entire, margin revolute ; flowers axillary, of 2 kinds, the larger 1 in. 
wide, solitary, the smaller appearing later, apetalous, clustered; 
sepals acute, pubescent, the inner larger, much longer than the 
depressed-globose capsule. April-June. Dry, sterile soil. 



82. VIOLACE^E. VIOLET FAMILY. 

Herbs, often acaulescent ; leaves simple, basal or alternate, 
stipulate ; flowers usually solitary, perfect, irregular ; sepals 
5, persistent ; petals 5, irregular, the lower one usually sac- 
cate or spurred ; stamens 5, hypogynous, connivent ; style 
single; ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae, 3-valved, 
many-seeded. 

VIOLA. 

Annual or perennial, acaulescent or with a decumbent stem ; 
leaves nearly entire or much divided ; flowers single, long- 
peduncled, oblique ; sepals prolonged at the base ; lower petal 
spurred ; filaments of the two upper stamens prolonged above 
the anthers ; style usually bent and stigma beaked ; many 
species producing fertile, apetalous flowers on short pedun- 
cles late in the season. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 158 

1. V. palm at a L. Early Blue Violet. Acaulescent from a 
thick and scaly rootstock ; leaves long-peduncled, broadly cordate in 
outline, the earlier nearly entire, the later with the lower part deeply 
lobed or cleft, the upper part crenate or dentate ; petioles and pedun- 
cles pubescent, peduncles becoming longer than the petioles; flowers 
blue ; lateral petals and style bearded ; apetalous flowers on reflexed 
peduncles abundant late in the season. February- June. Common 
in dry woods. 

2. V. obliqua Hill. Meadow Violet. Acaulescent from a 
thick rootstock; leaves on long and slender petioles, not divided, 
ovate to broadly reniform, apex mostly acute, the sides rolled inward 
when young, crenate or dentate ; flowers blue or sometimes white ; 
lateral petals bearded, often with darker veins; stigma beakless. 
February-June. Common on low ground. 

3. V. pedata L. Bird's-foot Violet. Acaulescent from a 
thick, erect rootstock ; smooth or nearly so ; leaves orbicular or reni- 
form, deeply parted into numerous linear or narrow lobes which are 
often toothed at the apex ; peduncles longer than the petioles, 
bracted; flowers mostly blue, the upper petals sometimes darker, 
whole flower occasionally white ; petals not bearded ; apetalous 
flowers none. March-May. On dry hills. 

4. V. odorata L. English Sweet Violet. Tufted from 
stoloniferous rootstocks, smooth or somewhat pubescent; leaves 
round-cordate, crenate; peduncles bracted, longer than the petioles; 
flowers blue or sometimes white, very fragrant ; petals not bearded ; 
apetalous flowers abundant late in the season. February-May, or 
all the winter. Common in cultivation. 

5. V. primuljEfolia L. Primrose-leaved Violet. Root- 
stock slender, producing numerous long runners rooting at the joints; 
leaves ovate, crenate, smooth or hairy, decurrent on the long petiole ; 
peduncles longer than the leaves; flowers white; petals often acute, 
the lower ones bearded and veined with purple. March-June. On 
low ground. 

6. V. hastata Michx. Halberd-leaved Violet. Perennial; 
stem smooth or hairy, simple, ascending or erect, 6-12 in. high ; 
leaves deltoid-ovate, often hastate-lobed, crenate ; stipules small, 
entire ; flowers yellow, on axillary peduncles ; lateral petals bearded, 
the lower with purple veins. April-May. Shaded hillsides. 

7. V. tricolor L. Pansy. Annual; stem smooth or hairy, 
angled, diffuse ; leaves ovate to spatulate, irregularly crenate-dentate ; 
stipules large, foliaceous, toothed or pinnatifid; flowers of many 
colors. Common in gardens. 

8. V. tenella Muhl. Field Pansy. Annual; stems slender, 
glabrous, angled, erect, 5-8 in. high ; leaves petioled, mostly orbicu- 
lar, crenate or dentate ; stipules large, toothed and pinnatifid ; flowers 



154 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

small, long-peduncled, dark purple and yellow. March-May. Com- 
mon in dry, cultivated ground. Very similar to the cultivated 
Pansy, but much smaller. 

83. PASSIFLORACE^. PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY. 

Shrubs or herbs, climbing by axillary tendrils ; leaves 
alternate, simple, mostly 3-lobed ; flowers axillary, on jointed 
peduncles, solitary or few together, perfect, regular, often 
showy ; calyx tube 4-5-lobed, persistent ; petals usually 5, 
inserted on the throat of the calyx tube which is fringed 
with a crown of 1-3 rows of long and slender filaments; 
stamens 5, their filaments united, and enclosing the stipe of 
the ovary ; styles 1-5, ovary with 3-5 parietal placentae ; 
seeds numerous, fruit fleshy. 

PASSIFLORA. 

Characters of the family. 

1. P. incarnata L. Passion-flower. Perennial; stem often 
20-30 ft. long, somewhat angled or striate, smooth below, pubes- 
cent above; leaves broadly cordate, palmately 3-5-lobed, the lobes 
acute, finely serrate, usually cordate at the base ; petiole bearing 2 
oval glands near its summit; flowers 2-3 in. wide, solitary; pedun- 
cles 3-bracted, longer than the petioles ; calyx lobes with a small 
horn-like appendage on the back near the apex, white within ; petals 
and crown purple and white ; fruit yellow, about the size and shape 
of a hen's egg, edible ; seeds with a pulpy aril. May- July. Common 
along fence rows and embankments. 

2. P. lutea L. Yellow Passion-flower. Perennial; stem 
slender, glabrous, 6-10 ft. long; leaves broadly cordate, 3-lobed at 
the summit, entire, often mucronate; stipules small; petioles with- 
out glands; peduncles longer than the leaves, usually in pairs; 
flowers greenish-yellow, j— J in. wide; fruit purple, ova], J in. long. 
May- July. Woods and thickets. 

84. CACTACEJE. CACTUS FAMILY. 

Succulent shrubs ; stems globose, flattened or terete, ridged 
and tubercled, often jointed and usually spiny ; leaves none, 



DICOTYLEDONS. 155 

or very small and fleshy ; flowers showy, solitary, sessile ; 
sepals and petals many and similar, adherent to the 1-celled 
ovary ; stamens numerous, inserted on the base of the petals ; 
style single, stigmas many ; fruit a fleshy, many-seeded berry. 

OPUNTIA. 

Stems in flattened or cylindrical joints ; leaves small, fleshy, 
on the upper parts of the younger joints, with a tuft of hairs 
and a few strong spines in the axils ; sepals . and petals not 
united to form a tube above the top of the ovary ; stamens 
very numerous ; style longer than the stamens, 3-8-divided ; 
fruit bristly. 

1. O. Opuntia (L.) Coult. Prickly Pear. Prostrate or ascend- 
ing ; stems with oval or obovate, flattened joints ; leaves soon decidu- 
ous ; spines few, solitary ; flowers from the edges of the joints, near 
the summit, yellow, often variegated with red, 2-3 in. wide'; fruit 
obovoid, purple, edible, 1-1 J in. long. June- August. Dry, barren 
soil. 

2. O. Pes-Corvi LeC. Crowfoot Cactus. Prostrate or as- 
cending; joints cylindrical or slightly flattened, 1—3 in. long, sepa- 
rating easily; spines in pairs, unequal; sepals and petals 8-12; 
stigmas 4 ; fruit small, fleshy, bristly, 1-4-seeded. May- June. On 
sandy soil, more common along the coast. 

85. THYMELEACEJE. MEZEREON FAMILY. 

Shrubs or trees, with acrid sap ; bark tough and fibrous ; 
leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate ; flowers regular, perfect, 
in axillary clusters ; calyx tube cylindrical, 4-5-toothed or 
entire ; petals none ; stamens 8 in 2 rows, inserted on the 
calyx, exserted, the alternate ones longer; ovary superior, 
1-celled, 1-ovuled, style long, stigma capitate ; fruit a drupe. 

DIRCA. 

Shrubs ; bark very tough, with interwoven fibers ; leaves 
deciduous, short-petioled ; flowers in small clusters from buds 
on shoots of the previous season, and protected by hairy 



156 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

scales ; branches often developed later from the same buds ; 
peduncles short, 2-4-flowered ; calyx tube entire or slightly 
4-toothed; stamens and style long exserted; drupe small, 
oval, red. 

D. palustris L. Leatherwood. A branching shrub, 2-5 ft. 
high ; leaves oblong or obovate, obtuse at the apex, rounded at the 
base, entire, pubescent when young, becoming smooth with age; 
peduncles short, 3-flowered ; flowers light yellow, bud-scales 3-4, 
oval, downy; drupe ^-^ in. long. February-March. Banks of 
streams. 



86. LYTHRACE^E. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. 

Trees, shrubs or herbs ; leaves opposite or alternate ; stip- 
ules none ; flowers solitary or clustered ; calyx tube enclos- 
ing the ovary and sometimes coherent with it, 4-8-toothed ; 
petals as many as the calyx lobes or none, inserted on the 
calyx with the few or many stamens ; ovary 1-6-celled, style 
1, stigma capitate or 2-lobed ; fruit capsular or baccate, 
usually many-seeded. 

I. LAGERSTRCEMIA. 

Shrubs or small trees ; bark smooth and exfoliating in lon- 
gitudinal plates; branches winged; leaves alternate; flowers 
in large terminal panicles ; calyx tube bell-shaped ; stamens 
numerous, exserted. 

L. Indica L. Crape Myrtle. Small trees, trunk often greatly 
enlarged at the surface of the ground; leaves oval or oblong, rounded 
at each end, mucronate at the apex, thick, entire, smooth ; flowers 
X3ink, purple or white; petals 6, large, crisped, claw slender; style 
long exserted ; fruit a many-seeded capsule. April-June. Intro- 
duced from India. 

II. PUNICA. 

Shrubs or small trees ; leaves opposite ; calyx tube adhe- 
rent to the ovary ; stamens very numerous, unequal ; style 
long; fruit a several-celled, many-seeded berry. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 157 

P. granatum. Pomegranate. Erect, branching shrubs; 
leaves lanceolate or ovate, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, 
entire ; flowers solitary, short-peduncled ; calyx and corolla bright 
red ; calyx lobes 5, triangular, persistent ; petals 5, oval, erect ; fruit 
globose, crimson, 3-4 in. in diameter, 3-celled below and 5-celled 
above, edible; seeds many, surrounded by a pulpy aril having a 
pleasant acid taste. May-June. Introduced from Europe. 

87. MELASTOMACEJE. MEADOW-BEAUTY FAMILY. 

Perennial herbs ; leaves simple, opposite, 3-9-ribbed, ex- 
stipulate ; flowers in terminal cymes ; calyx tube urn-shaped, 
constricted at the neck, 4-lobed, persistent ; petals 4, inserted 
in the throat of the calyx tube, oblique ; stamens usually 
twice the number of the petals, anthers often long, curving 
upward and spurred at the base; ovary superior, 4-celled, 
placentae central, style single, bent to one side ; fruit a 
many-seeded, 4-celled capsule. 

RHEXIA. 

Characters of the family. 

1. R. Mariana L. Deer-grass. Stem erect, branched, terete 
or 6-angled, bristly, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, 
short-petioled, acute, 3-nerved, bristly on both sides, ciliate-serrate ; 
flowers purple, 1^-2 in. wide; calyx tube bristly or nearly smooth, 
the neck as long as the globose portion; petals rounded; anthers 
curved, saccate at the base. June-September. In wet, sandy soil. 

2. R. Virginica L. Meadow-beauty. Stem erect, nearly 
simple, hairy or bristly, 4-angled, 10-15 in. high; leaves oval or 
ovate-lanceolate, sessile, 3-5-nerved, both surfaces with scattered 
hairs, bristly serrate; flowers bright purple, 1-1J in. wide; calyx 
bristly, the neck shorter than the globose portion; petals rounded, 
usually truncate at the apex; anthers curved, spur small. June- 
Septe ruber. In swamps. 

3. R. glabella Michx. Smooth Meadow-beauty. Stem 
erect, mostly simple, smooth, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate or ellip- 
tical, sessile, entire or faintly serrate, thick, smooth, and glaucous; 
flowers bright purple, 1^-2 in. wide; calyx often glandular-hispid; 
petals obovate ; anthers long and curved. June-August. Low pine 
barrens. 



158 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

4. R. lutea Walt. Yellow Meadow-beauty. Stem erect, 
widely branched, 4-angled, bristly, 10-15 in. high; lower leaves spatu- 
late or obovate, the upper lanceolate and acute, all nearly smooth, 
margin bristly serrulate ; flowers numerous, about 1 in. wide ; calyx 
tube short, smooth, much constricted, the lobes cuspidate ; petals 
yellow; stamens straight, erect. June- August. Damp woods. 



88. ONAGRACE^E. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 

Herbs, or rarely shrubs ; leaves simple, opposite or alter- 
nate, exstipulate but sometimes with basal glands ; flowers 
solitary, spiked or racemed ; calyx adherent to the ovary, 
and often prolonged into a tube beyond it, usually 4-lobed ; 
petals distinct, usually 4, sometimes none ; stamens 4 or 8, 
inserted with the petals at the top of the calyx tube ; ovary 
1-6-celled, style 1, simple or 4-parted; fruit a capsule or 
berry, dehiscent or indehiscent, 1-many-seeded. 

I. LUDWIGIA. 

Perennial herbs, often stoloniferous ; leaves simple, oppo- 
site or alternate, entire ; flowers axillary or terminal ; calyx 
tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, cylindrical or obconic, 
usually crowned with 4 persistent lobes ; petals 4, roundish 
or obcordate, often wanting ; stamens 4, short ; style capitate 
or 4-lobed ; capsule 4-5-celled, winged or angled, many-seeded. 

1. L. alata Ell. Winged Ludwigia. Stem erect, smooth, 
simple or branched, winged, often stoloniferous, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves 
alternate, oblanceolate or almost linear, nearly or quite sessile, 
obscurely dentate ; flowers axillary or in terminal spikes, small, ses- 
sile ; calyx glabrous ; petals none ; capsule cubical or obpyramidal, 
angles winged; seeds ovoid, faintly pitted. June-September. On 
marshy ground. 

2. L. hirtella Raf. Hairy Ludwigia. Stem erect, slender, 
simple or sparingly branched, hairy, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves alternate, 
lanceolate or oblong, obtuse at the apex, sessile and rounded at the 
base, hirsute ; flowers axillary, on 2-bracted pedicels ; calyx lobes 
erect or spreading, lanceolate, acute, about half as long as the yellow, 
obovate petals, and longer than the cubical, hairy capsule. June- 
September. In flat pine barrens. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 159 

3. L, alternifolia L. Rattle-box. Stem erect, much 
branched, smooth or pubescent, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves alternate, short- 
petioled, lanceolate or elliptical, acute ; flowers axillary, or the upper 
ones somewhat racemed, on short 2-bracted peduncles ; calyx lobes 
ovate, acute, spreading, deciduous, about as long as the obovate, 
yellow, caducous petals ; capsule smooth, cubical, angles slightly 
winged. June-September. In swamps. 



II. JUSSLEA. 

Perennial herbs ; stems erect or creeping, smooth ; leaves 
alternate, petioled or sessile ; flowers solitary, axillary, white 
or yellow; calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, the 
limb 4-6-lobed, persistent ; petals 4-6 ; stamens 8-12, in 2 
rows, inserted with the petals ; stigma 4-6-lobed ; capsule 
elongated, angled, 4-6-celled, many-seeded. 

J. decurrens (Walt.) DC. Upright Jussive a. Stem erect, 
smooth, angled, branched above, 1-3 ft. high ; leaves alternate, 
lanceolate, entire, smooth, acute at the apex, sessile and decurrent on 
the stem ; flowers nearly sessile ; calyx lobes 4, lanceolate, acuminate ; 
petals 4, yellow, obovate, a little longer than the calyx lobes ; sta- 
mens 8; capsule oblong-clavate, 4-angled, many-seeded. June- 
September. On wet soil. 

III. ONAGRA. 

Annual or biennial herbs ; stems erect ; leaves alternate, 
toothed, sessile or short-petioled ; flowers in terminal, leafy 
spikes, yellow, nocturnal ; calyx tube prolonged beyond the 
ovary, the lobes narrow, becoming reflexed and deciduous ; 
petals 4 ; stamens 8, equal in length ; style elongated, stigma' 
4-parted ; capsule 4-celled, 4-angled, many-seeded. 

O. biennis (L.) Scop. Evening Primrose. Biennial, or some- 
times annual; stem stout, erect, branched above, hirsute or nearly 
smooth, 2-6 ft. high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at the apex, 
sessile or narrowed into a petiole below, wavy-denticulate, smooth 
or pubescent ; flowers sessile, bright yellow or nearly white, opening 
in the evening, 1 i-2 in. broad ; calyx tube slender, 2-3 in. long ; 
petals obovate, retuse ; capsule oblong, narrowed at both ends, rough, 
hairy, obtusely 4-angled, J-l in. long. June-October. Common on 
dry soil. 



160 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



IV. KNEIFFIA. 



Annual, perennial, or sometimes shrubby ; leaves alternate, 
usually narrow; flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, yel- 
low, diurnal ; calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary, the 
lobes often united at the apex, finally becoming reflexed ; 
petals 4 ; stamens 8, the alternate ones longer ; style slen- 
der, stigma 4-parted ; capsule sessile or peduncled^ clavate, 
4-angled, seeds many. 

1. K. linearis (Michx.) Spach. Narrow-leaved Primrose. 

Biennial or perennial; stem erect or ascending, slender, simple or 
branched, smooth or pubescent, 12-18 in. high; lower leaves ob- 
ovate, the upper linear or linear-spatulate, entire or slightly toothed ; 
racemes terminal, short, leafy, many-flowered ; flowers yellow, 1-1^ 
in. broad ; calyx pubescent, the tube J in. long ; petals obcordate ; 
capsule narrowly obovate, prominently 4-winged with 4 intermediate 
ribs, shorter than the pedicel. April-June. On dry, sandy soil. 

2. K. fruticosa (L.) Raim. Sundrops. Perennial ; stem 
erect, simple or branched, more or less pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, 
sessile or short-petioled, wavy-denticulate on the margins ; racemes 
terminal, finally much elongated ; flowers yellow, diurnal, 1 i-2 in. 
broad ; calyx tube longer than the ovary ; petals obcordate ; capsule 
oblong-clavate, sessile or nearly so, prominently 4-winged with inter- 
mediate ribs, longer than the pedicel. June-September. In old 
fields. 

V. GAURA. 

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, sometimes woody at 
the base ; leaves alternate, sessile ; flowers in terminal spikes 
or racemes ; calyx tube slender, prolonged beyond the ovary, 
4-lobed, the lobes reflexed ; petals 4, long-clawed, unequal ; 
stamens 6-8, usually turned to one side ; style declined, 
stigmas 4-lobed, ovary 3-4-celled ; fruit a 3-4-angled cap- 
sule, mostly 1-celled, 3-4-seeded. 

1. G. biennis L. Biennial Gaura. Biennial; stems erect, 
widely branched, soft-pubescent, 3-8 ft. high ; leaves oblong-lanceo- 
late or elliptical, acuminate, wavy-denticulate, pubescent or becom- 
ing smooth above ; flowers sessile in long-peduncled spikes ; petals 
white, fading to pink ; fruit sessile, narrowly ovoid, obtusely 4-angled, 
pubescent. June-September. On dry soil, more common north- 
ward. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 161 

2. G. Michauxii Spach. Michaux's Gaura. Stem erect, slen- 
der, paniculately branched above, pnbescent when young, becoming 
smooth or glabrous, 2-1 ft. high ; leaves very numerous, broadly 
linear, toothed, wavy-margined ; racemes long-peduncled, few-flow- 
ered; flowers on slender pedicels, white, fading to pink; fruit ovoid, 
obtuse, sharply 4-angled ; capsule about as long as the pedicel. 
June- August. Dry pine barrens, more common southward. 

VI. FUCHSIA. 

Shrubs ; leaves opposite or sometimes in 3's ; flowers axil- 
lary, long-peduncled ; calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary, 
limb 4-partecl, colored and corolla-like, deciduous ; petals 4 ; 
stamens 8, exserted, unequal ; style long and exserted ; disk 
glandular, 8-furrowed ; fruit a many-seeded berry. 

F. coccixea Curt. Fuchsia. Stem erect, widely branched ; 
leaves smooth, oval to cordate, denticulate, thick, smooth ; flowers 
drooping ; calyx red or white ; corolla purple, red or white ; stamens 
and style long, exserted, filaments usually colored ; fruit oval, some- 
what 4-sided. A common house-plant, introduced from Brazil. 

89. ARALIACEiE. GINSENG FAMILY. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees ; leaves compound ; flowers in um- 
bels which are often paniculate, polygamous or sometimes 
perfect ; calyx tube adherent to the ovary, its limb 5-toothed 
or truncate ; petals usually 5, small, flat, and spreading, in- 
serted on the summit of the calyx tube ; stamens as many 
as the petals and alternate with them ; styles 2-5 ; fruit a 
1 -several-celled drupe or berry. 

I. ARALIA. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees ; leaves alternate, pinnately decom- 
pound, base of the petiole sheathing ; umbels in cymes or 
panicles ; flowers small, white or greenish, on jointed pedicels ; 
calyx 5-toothed or truncate ; petals, stamens and styles 5 ; 
fruit usually a 5-seeded berry. 

1. A. spixosa L. Hercules's Club. A small tree, stem, 
branches and petioles with very numerous, large prickles; leaves 



162 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

long-petioled, bipinnately compound, leaflets stalked, ovate, acumi- 
nate at the apex, obtuse and inequilateral at the base, serrate, thick, 
smooth and shining above, glaucous and slightly pubescent beneath, 
often with smaller leaflets intermixed ; umbels in very large, ter- 
minal, hoary or pubescent panicles ; flowers small, white ; styles 
distinct ; fruit ovoid, 5-lobed, black, about as long as the pedicel. 
June-August. In swamps, often cultivated. 

2. A. racemosa L. Spikexard. Perennial herb ; root thick, 
aromatic ; stem erect, smooth, widely branched, 3-5 ft. high ; leaves 
ternately decompound, leaflets cordate, acuminate at the apex, sharply 
and doubly serrate ; umbels in large panicles ; flowers small, greenish ; 
styles united below; fruit dark brown or purple, globose. June- 
July. In rich woods. 

3. A. nudicaulis L. Sarsaparilla. Perennial herb ; roots 
very long, somewhat fleshy, aromatic ; stem very short or none ; leaf 
solitary from a sheathing base, petioled, 6-12 in. long; ternately 
divided, the divisions 3-5-pinnate ; leaflets oval or ovate, acuminate, 
finely and sharply serrate, smooth above, often pubescent below ; 
scape nearly as long as the petiole, usually bearing 3 short-peduncled 
umbels ; flowers greenish ; styles distinct ; fruit globose, black. May- 
June. In rich woods. 

II. PANAX. 

Perennial herbs; root fleshy, aromatic; stem naked, with 
a whorl of palmately compound leaves and a single umbel of 
greenish flowers at its summit; calyx minutely 5-toothed; 
petals and stamens 5 ; styles 2-3 ; fruit a drupe-like berry 
with 2-3 seeds. 

P. quinquefolium L. Ginseng. Root fusiform, often forked, 
3-5 in. long ; stem erect, glabrous ; leaflets 5-7, stalked, the upper 
longer, oval or obovate, acuminate at the apex, sharply and unevenly 
serrate; umbel 5-15-flowered, pedicels short, peduncles 1-2 in. long; 
flowers small, greenish-yellow ; styles 2 ; berry compressed-globose, 
bright red, 2-3-seeded. June- August. In rich, shady woods. 



90. UMBELLIFEIUE. PARSLEY FAMILY. 

Herbs ; stems usually hollow and grooved ; leaves alternate, 
simple, compound or decompound, base of the petiole usually 
sheathing ; flowers small, in simple, compound or decompound 
umbels, or sometimes in close heads ; base of the umbel usually 



DICOTYLEDONS. 163 

subtended by an involucre, and the divisions of the compound 
umbel by involucels ; calyx tube adnate to the ovary, trun- 
cate or minutely 5-toothed ; petals and stamens 5, inserted in 
the disk at the top of the calyx tube ; ovary 2-celled, styles 
2, distinct ; fruit of 2 carpels which separate from each other 
at maturity, each carpel with 5 longitudinal ribs, and often 4 
additional ribs between them ; oil tubes are usually present 
under or between the ribs. [The flowers are all so much 
alike, and the foliage varies so widely in species of the same 
genus, that the characters for classification depend almost 
wholly upon minute structural peculiarities of the fruit, 
making the family an exceedingly difficult one for study. 
There are about 27 genera and 51 species in our region, but 
most of them flower late in the season.] 

I. DAUCUS. 

Annual or biennial herbs ; leaves pinnately decompound, 
the divisions finely dissected and linear ; umbels compound, 
the outer rays longer; flowers white or pink, involucre of 
pinnately dissected leaflets, involucels bract-like, entire or 
toothed ; calyx teeth minute or wanting ; petals obovate ; car- 
pels obovate, ribs 9, prickly or bristly, oil tubes 6. 

D. pusillus Michx. Wild Carrot. Stem erect, simple or with 
a few branches above, rough-hispid, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves twice pin- 
nate, divisions linear ; umbels long-peduncled, markedly concave on 
the top ; bristles of the fruit barbed or hooked, adhering readily to 
hair and clothing. June- July. On dry, sterile soil, often a trouble- 
some w r eed. 

II. PASTINACA. 

Biennial or sometimes annual, from a straight, fleshy root ; 
stem erect, widely branched above ; leaves pinnate ; umbels 
compound, involucre and involucels none ; flowers yellow ; 
calyx teeth none ; fruit flattened dorsally ; lateral ribs winged, 
the others inconspicuous. 



164 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

P. sativa L. Parsnip. Root long-conical, fleshy; stem erect, 
branched, pnbescent above, glabrous below, 2-5 ft. high; lower 
leaves long-petioled, pinnate, the divisions sessile, acute or oval, 
irregularly incised or lobed, sharply and unevenly serrate, upper 
leaves similar but much smaller ; umbels numerous, compound, 
7-15-rayed, rays slender, umbellets 5-10-rayed ; fruit smooth, broadly 
oval, nearly as long as the pedicels, lateral ribs and oil tubes 
prominent, intermediate ribs reduced to slight ridges. June- 
August. Escaped from cultivation and sometimes a troublesome 
weed; root reputed to be poisonous in its wild state. 



III. THASPIUM. 

Perennial herbs ; stem erect ; leaves 1-2-ternately com- 
pound; umbels compound, involucre and involucels usually 
wanting ; flowers yellow or purple ; calyx teeth small, acute ; 
fruit ovoid or oblong, somewhat laterally compressed ; carpels 
smooth, strongly ribbed, oil tubes between the ribs. 

T. barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. Hairy Meadow Parsnip. Stem 
erect, branching above, pubescent at the nodes, 2-7 ft. high : leaves 
petioled, 1-2-ternate, slightly pubescent ; leaflets mostly thin, ovate, 
toothed, incised or lobed toward the apex, entire toward the base; 
umbels long-ped uncled, few-rayed ; fruit oblong, lateral and central 
ribs strongly winged. May-June. Along streams. 



IV. ERYNGIUM. 

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs ; stems erect or creeping ; 
leaves simple, mostly linear and spiny-toothed ; flowers white 
or blue, in dense, bracted heads or spikes, flowers bracteo- 
late ; calyx teeth rigid, persistent ; petals erect, pointed ; styles 
slender; fruit turbinate, scaly or granular, ribs obsolete, oil 
tubes usually 5, minute. 

E. aquaticum L. Button Snakeroot. Perennial ; stem erect, 
branched above, striate, glaucous, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves linear, often 
2 ft. or more in length, rigid, glaucous, parallel-veined, fringed with 
white bristles; bracts shorter than the heads, entire, bracteoles simi- 
lar but smaller ; flowers white ; fruit scaly. May-July. On damp 
soil. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 165 



V. SANICULA. 

Perennial or biennial herbs ; stems erect, glabrous ; leaves 
long-petioled, palinately divided; umbels compound, few-rayed, 
involucre leaf -like, umbellets few-flowered, involucels small; 
flowers yellow or purple ; fruit flattened laterally, carpels not 
ribbed but armed with hooked bristles. 

S. Marilaxdica L. Black Snakeroot. Perennial; stem stout, 
nearly simple, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves palmately 5-7 -parted, the divi- 
sions obovate or oblanceolate, toothed; lower leaves long-petioled, the 
upper sessile ; umbels of 2-4 long rays, leaves of the involucre 3- 
parted ; umbellets with numerous staminate flowers, pistillate flowers 
few ; petals greenish-white ; styles elongated and conspicuous, re- 
curved; fruit ovoid, with 5 large oil tubes. May-June. In dry 
woods. 

91. CORNACEiE. DOGTTOOD FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves simple, alternate, opposite or ver- 
ticillate, usually entire, exstipulate ; flowers perfect, polyga- 
mous or dioecious, cyrnose or capitate ; calyx tube coherent 
with the ovary, 4-5-toothed or truncate; petals 4-5 or want- 
ing ; stamens 4-10, inserted with the petals in the disk at the 
top of the ovary ; ovary 1-2-celled, style long or short ; fruit 
a berry-like, 1-2-celled, 1-2-seeded drupe. 

I. CORNUS. 

Shrubs or small trees ; leaves usually opposite or verticil- 
late ; flowers perfect, in cymes or heads, the heads subtended 
by a large involucre ; calyx tube minutely 4-toothed ; petals 
4 ; stamens 4 ; stigma capitate or truncate ; fruit a 2-celled, 
2-seeded drupe. 

1. C. Florida L. Flowering Dogwood. Small trees; bark 
rough, black ; leaves opposite, petioled, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 
entire, green and shining above, paler and often pubescent beneath ; 
flowers small, greenish, in heads which are subtended by 4 large, 
white or pink, obcordate bracts, thickened and greenish at the sinus ; 
fruit ovoid, bright red. April-May. In rich woods. 



166 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

2. C. Amonum Mill. Kinnikinnik. A shrub, 6-10 ft. high; 
twigs purple, pubescent when young ; leaves opposite, petioled, ovate 
or oblong, acuminate, smooth above, silky-pubescent below ; flowers 
white, in rather close cymes ; drupe blue, stone somewhat oblique. 
May-June. In low woods. 

3. C. ASPERIFOLIA MicllX. ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD. A shrub 

8-12 ft. high ; twigs slender, reddish-brown, often warty, densely 
pubescent when young; leaves opposite, short-petioled, lance-ovate or 
oblong, acute or acuminate, rough-pubescent above, wooliy pubescent 
below; cymes flat, spreading, the peduncle and branches rough- 
pubescent ; flowers white ; drupe white or pale blue, stone depressed- 
globose. May-June. In dry woods. 

4. C. ALTERNIFOLIA L. ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD. A 

shrub or small tree ; twigs greenish, striped ; leaves alternate, often 
clustered at the ends of the twigs, long-petioled, oval, acute at the 
apex and often at the base, minutely toothed, pale and pubescent 
beneath ; cymes loose and open ; flowers white ; drupe deep blue, 
seeds globose. May-June. Banks of streams. 



II. NYSSA. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, petioled, entire or few- 
toothed; flowers polygamous or dioecious, the staminate in 
many-flowered heads or cymes, the pistillate in small clusters 
or solitary ; calyx tube 5-toothed or truncate ; petals minute 
or wanting; stamens 5-10; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, style 
long and recurved; fruit a 1-seeded drupe. 

1. N. sylvatica Marsh. Black Gum. A tree with widely spread- 
ing branches and dark, rough bark, wood light-colored, very tough, 
base of trunk often enlarged ; leaves often clustered at the ends of 
the twigs, oval or obovate, acuminate or obtuse at the apex, entire, 
smooth and shining above, pubescent beneath, becoming bright red 
in autumn ; staminate flowers in capitate clusters ; pistillate 3-10 in 
a long-peduncled cluster ; drupe ovoid, dark blue or nearly black, J in. 
long, stone slightly ridged. April-May. In rich, wet soil. 

2. N. aquatica L. Tupelo. A large tree, similar to the pre- 
ceding ; leaves long-petioled, oval or ovate, acute at each end, entire 
or coarsely toothed, the lower sometimes cordate, smooth above, 
tomentose beneath, 4-8 in. long ; staminate flowers in capitate clus- 
ters ; pistillate flowers on long peduncles, solitary ; drupe ovoid, 
dark blue, stone sharply ridged. April. In swamps. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 167 



92. CLETHRACEjE. WHITE-ALDER FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, petioled, serrate, decid- 
uous, exstipulate, pubescence stellate ; flowers in solitary or 
clustered terminal racemes, small, white ; calyx 5-parted, per- 
sistent ; petals 5, slightly united below, deciduous ; stamens 
10, anthers sagittate ; ovary free, style slender, 3-clef t, sta- 
mens and style exserted ; fruit a globose, dehiscent capsule, 
3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 

CLETHRA. 

Characters of the family. 

C. alnifolia L. White Alder. Shrubs, 3-8 ft. high ; twigs 
and branches tomentose ; leaves short-petioled, obovate, acute at the 
apex, cuneate at the base, serrate, smooth on both sides ; racemes 
simple or panicled, flowers on short pedicels subtended by short, 
deciduous bracts ; flowers ^ in. wide, very fragrant ; filaments 
smooth; style hairy, longer than the stamens; capsule about the 
length of the calyx. June-July. In damp woods, usually on sandy 
soil. 

93. MONOTROPACEJE. INDIAN PIPE FAMILY. 

Low herbs ; saprophytic on decaying roots or vegetable mat- 
ter ; stems fleshy, leafless, but with numerous leaf -like bracts ; 
flowers solitary or clustered, perfect, regular ; sepals 2-6, erect, 
slightly united at the base ; petals 2-6, distinct or united ; 
both calyx and corolla deciduous ; stamens 6-12, hypogynous, 
distinct or united ; ovary free, style long or short, stigma 
capitate, or peltate and rayed ; fruit a 1-6-celled, many-seeded 
capsule, seeds minute, reticulated. 

I. M0N0TR0PA. 

Stems fleshy, single or clustered, simple ; bracts numerous ; 
flowers solitary, nodding, the capsule becoming erect in fruit; 
sepals 2-4, deciduous ; petals 5-6, somewhat persistent ; sta- 



168 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

mens 10-12, anthers peltate ; ovary 5-celled, style short, stigma 
peltate ; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. 

M. uniflora L. Indian Pipe. Stem smooth, succulent, 1-6 
iu. high ; bracts ovate or lanceolate ; flower tubular, j-1 in. long, in- 
odorous ; stamens a little shorter than the petals ; capsule angled, J-f 
in. long ; whole plant waxy white, turning black in drying. June- 
August. In moist, shady woods. 

II. HYPOPITYS. 

Low, saprophytic herbs ; stems erect, simple, pubescent 
above ; bracts numerous ; flowers in a one-sided, terminal 
raceme ; terminal flowers usually with 5 petals and 10 sta- 
mens ; the others with 4 petals and 8 stamens ; sepals as many 
as the petals ; petals saccate at the base ; ovary free, style 
longer than the stamens, stigma ciliate ; capsule 3-5-celled, 
many seeded. 

H. Hypopitys (L.) Small. Pine-sap. Stems single or clustered, 
white or reddish, 1-8 in. high; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; flowers succu- 
lent, fragrant, J-J in. long ; capsule oval, \ in. long. June- August. 
In dry, shady woods. 



91. ERICACEAE. HEATH FAMILY. 

Trees, shrubs or perennial herbs ; leaves alternate or 
opposite, simple, exstipulate, often evergreen ; flowers axil- 
lary or terminal, solitary or variously clustered, perfect ; 
calyx 4-5-parted or cleft, usually persistent ; corolla 4-5-lobed 
or parted ; stamens 5-10, hypogynous, distinct, anthers 2- 
celled, often awned ; ovary free, 2-5-celled, style long or 
short, stigma entire or 3-lobed ; fruit a 2-5-ceiled capsule or 
berry, seeds few or numerous. [Plants of this family are 
rarely found on lime soils.] 

I. AZALEA. 

Shrubs, often much branched ; leaves alternate, thin, de- 
ciduous ; flowers very showy in terminal umbels from scaly 



DICOTYLEDONS. 169 

buds which become well developed the previous season ; calyx 
very small, 5-parted ; corolla bell-shaped, the tube long and 
slender, the limb spreading and somewhat one-sided ; stamens 
usually 5, sometimes 10, declined, anthers awnless ; style long 
and slender, declined, stigma capitate ; capsule oblong or 
linear, 5-celled, many-seeded, seeds very small, scale-like. 

1. A. nudiflora L. Wild Honeysuckle. A branching shrub, 
4-6 ft. high ; twigs smooth or with a few coarse hairs ; leaves obovate 
or oblong, ciliate-serrate, pubescent, becoming smooth above ; petioles 
short ; flowers appearing with or before the leaves, pink or white, 
sometimes yellowish, fragrant, 1-2 in. wide, tube pubescent but not 
glandular ; capsule erect, linear-oblong, f-J in. long. April-May. 
Swamps and banks of streams ; flowers extremely variable in size 
and color. 

2. A. viscosa L. Swamp Honeysuckle. A shrub, 4-6 ft. high ; 
branches hairy ; leaves obovate, coriaceous, nmcronate at the apex, 
mostly smooth above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; petioles very 
short; flowers appearing later than the leaves, white, fragrant, l|-2 
in. long, tube long, glandular-viscid ; capsule erect, |— § in. long, 
bristly. June-July. In swamps. 

II. KALMIA. 

Erect and branching shrubs ; leaves alternate, opposite or 
in 3's, entire, coriaceous, evergreen ; flowers showy, in corymbs 
or 1-3 in the axils ; calyx 5-parted ; corolla flat-campanulate 
or rotate, 5-lobed ; stamens 10, the anthers placed in pouches 
in the corolla, filaments straightening elastically at maturity 
and so bringing the anthers in contact with the capitate 
stigma; style long and slender; capsule globose, 5-celled, 
many-seeded. 

1. K. angustifolia L. Sheep Laurel. A shrub 1-3 ft. high, 
with smooth, nearly erect branches; leaves petioled, opposite or in 
3's, oblong, obtuse at both ends, dark green above, paler beneath ; 
corymbs lateral, glandular; flowers purple or crimson, J-^ in. broad; 
pedicels slender, recurved in fruit; calyx pubescent, persistent; style 
persistent ; capsule depressed-globose. April-June. On hillsides ; 
more abundant northward. 

2. K. latifolia L. Calico Bush. A shrub 4-10 ft. high ; 
branches stout, smooth ; leaves mostly alternate, petioled, elliptical 
or oval, acute at each end, smooth and green on both sides ; corymbs 
terminal, compound ; flowers white to rose color, showy, 1 in. broad ; 



170 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

calyx and corolla glandular ; pedicels long, slender, viscid-glandular, 
erect in fruit ; calyx and style persistent. May-June. Shady banks 
on rocky or sandy soil. 

III. LEUCOTHOE. 

Shrubs ; leaves alternate, entire or serrate, deciduous or 
persistent; flowers white or pink, in terminal or axillary 
racemes ; pedicels jointed ; calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent ; 
corolla cylindrical or urn-shaped, 5-toothed ; stamens 10, in- 
cluded, anthers curved or mucronate ; disk 10-lobed ; ovary 
5-celled, style slender, stigma capitate ; fruit a 5-celled, 
5-valved, many-seeded capsule. 

1. L. axillaris (Lam.) Don. Downy Leucothoe. A shrub 
2-4 ft. high ; branches curved, puberulent when young ; leaves oval to 
elliptical, spinose-serrate, at least near the apex, coriaceous, evergreen, 
short-petioled, dark green and shining above, paler and slightly pubes- 
cent beneath ; racemes axillary, sessile, about half the length of the 
leaves, densely many-flowered ; corolla cylindrical ; anthers horned at 
the summit ; stigma 5-parted. February-March. Banks of streams. 

2. L. racemosa (L.) Gray. Swamp Leucothoe. A shrub 
4-10 ft. high; branches straight, smooth or puberulent; leaves ovate 
or oblong, short-petioled, thin, deciduous, nearly or quite smooth 
above, pubescent beneath ; racemes mostly terminal, longer than the 
leaves, and appearing with or before them; pedicels jointed ; calyx 
with 2 persistent bracts at the base ; anthers 2-awned ; style slender, 
stigma capitate ; capsule subglobose. April-June. Margins of 
swamps and streams. 

IV. PIERIS. 

Shrubs or small trees ; leaves alternate, often persistent 
and green through the winter; flowers in terminal or axil- 
lary racemes or clusters, nodding on bracted pedicels ; calyx 
deeply 5-parted ; corolla ovoid, urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 
5-lobed with recurved teeth; stamens 10, included, anthers 
awned or awnless ; disk 10-lobed ; ovary 5-celled, style thick, 
stigma truncate ; fruit a 5-celled, 5-angled, globose, many- 
seeded capsule. 

P. nitida (Bartr.) B. & H. Fetter-bush. A shrub 2-6 ft. 
high; branches 3-angled, smooth, yellowish-green; leaves evergreen, 
oval or oblong, very thick and coriaceous, entire, the margins bor- 



DICOTYLEDONS. 171 

dered by a prominent nerve and re volute, short-petioled ; flowers in 
numerous axillary, umbel-like clusters, fragrant ; calyx lobe spread- 
ing, purple ; corolla ovoid with a narrow throat, white or bright 
pink, ^ in. long ; anthers awned ; capsule ribbed at the sutures. 
March-May. Common in low, pine barrens. 

V. OXYDENDRUM. 

A small tree ; leaves alternate, petioled, deciduous ; flowers 
white, in long and slender, one-sided, panicled racemes ;. pedi- 
cels 2-bracted: calyx 5-parted, persistent; corolla ovoid, 
5-toothed ; stamens 10, about equaling the corolla ; ovary 
5-celled, style thick ; fruit a conical, 5-celled, 5-angled, many- 
seeded capsule. 

O. arboreum (L.) DC. Sour-wood. A small tree with smooth, 
dark-colored bark ; leaves oval to oblong, acuminate, serrulate, 
smooth on both sides, prominently reticulate-veined, sour to the 
taste ; petioles slender ; panicles terminal, pubescent ; flowers white, 
£ in. long, pedicels curved in fruit ; style persistent. April-June. 
In rich, moist woods. 

VI. EPIG^EA. 

Prostrate or trailing shrubs ; stems rusty-pubescent, 6-12 
in. long ; leaves alternate, coriaceous, evergreen ; flowers in 
dense, bracted, terminal racemes or clusters ; calyx 5-parted, 
persistent ; corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed ; stamens 10, about 
the length of the corolla tube ; ovary 5-lobed, style columnar, 
stigma 5-lobed ; fruit a globose, hairy, 5-celled, many-seeded 
capsule. 

E. repens L. Ground Laurel. Stems creeping, the young 
twigs ascending ; leaves oval or somewhat cordate, entire, reticulate- 
veined, smooth above, hirsute beneath ; petioles short, hirsute ; 
racemes shorter than the leaves ; flowers bright pink, ± in. broad, 
very fragrant. February-March. In dry woods, often covering 
considerable areas. 



95. VACCINIACEJE. HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY. 

Shrubs or small trees ; leaves alternate, simple, exstipu- 
late ; flowers clustered or solitary, perfect ; pedicels bracted ; 



172 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

calyx tube adherent to the ovary, 4-5-lobed ; corolla globose, 
tubular or campanulate, 4-5-lobed; stamens twice as many 
as the lobes of the corolla, filaments usually short, flattened ; 
ovary 2-10-celled, style slender, stigma simple or minutely 
lobed; fruit a globose berry, 2-10-celled, cells 1-several- 
seeded. [Rare on lime soils.] 

I. GAYLUSSACIA. 

Low branching shrubs, mostly resinous-dotted ; leaves ser- 
rate or entire ; flowers small, white or pink, in lateral, bracted 
racemes, nodding ; pedicels usually 2-bracteolate ; calyx tube 
short, obconic, the .lobes persistent; corolla ovoid to bell- 
shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes erect or recurved ; stamens equal, 
usually included, anthers awnless ; fruit a 10-seeded berry. 

1. G. frondosa (L.) T. & G. Tangleberry. An erect shrub 
1-3 ft. high ; branches spreading, slender, gray, slightly pubescent ; 
leaves entire, oblong or obovate, obtuse, thin, smooth and green above, 
paler, pubescent, and with resinous dots beneath; petioles short; 
racemes few-flowered ; corolla small, greenish-pink, short-bell-shaped ; 
bracts small, oblong, shorter than the pedicels ; berry depressed- 
globose, dark blue, glaucous, sweet, about ^ in. in diameter. April- 
May. On low ground. 

2. G. dumosa (Andr.) T. & G. Dwarf Huckleberry. A 
branching shrub, 1-2 ft. high ; branches pubescent above, usually 
leafless below-; leaves thick and firm, oblong-obovate, obtuse, sessile 
or nearly so, serrulate, soon smooth and shining above, pubescent or 
hirsute below ; racemes short, few-flowered ; bracts ovate, leaf -like, 
usually longer than the hirsute pedicels ; corolla white, bell-shaped, 
angled ; berry black, ^— ^ in. in diameter, insipid. April-May. Low, 
sandy pine barrens and swamps. 

II. VACCINIUM. 

Shrubs or small trees ; leaves entire or serrulate, often 
coriaceous and evergreen; flowers terminal or lateral, clus- 
tered or solitary, nodding ; pedicels 2-bracteolate ; calyx tube 
globose or hemispherical, 4-5-lobed, persistent ; corolla urn- 
shaped, cylindrical or campanulate, 4-5-lobed ; stamens twice 
as many as the lobes of the corolla, anthers awned or awn- 



DICOTYLEDONS. 173 

less ; ovary 4-5-celled, each cell partially divided by a parti- 
tion which makes the ovary appear 8-10-celled, style slender, 
stigma simple ; fruit a many-seeded berry. 

1. V. corymbosum L. High-bush Blueberry. An erect 
shrub, 6-12 ft. high ; branches rigid, young twigs minutely warty ; 
leaves deciduous, oval to ovate-lanceolate, acute, margins bristly, 
serrulate, smooth or pubescent, short-petioled ; racemes numerous, 
appearing with or before the leaves ; bracts oval or oblong, decidu- 
ous ; flowers white or pink ; corolla almost as long as the pedicel, 
cylindrical ; berry globose, blue or black, flavor slightly acid, pleas- 
ant. February- April. Common in woods and thickets, whole plant 
extremely variable. 

2. V. stamineum L. Deerberry. An erect shrub, 3-10 ft. 
high ; branches widely spreading, twigs smooth or puberulent ; 
leaves deciduous, oval or oblong, acute or acuminate at the apex, 
obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, firm, smooth, and green above, 
pale and slightly pubescent beneath, petioled ; racemes with leaf -like 
bracts ; flowers numerous, drooping, on jointed, slender pedicels ; 
corolla bell-shaped, purplish-green ; 2-awned anthers and style ex- 
serted ; berry globose or pear-shaped, inedible. April-June. Dry 
woods. 

3. V. arboreum Marsh. Farkleberry. Tree-like, sometimes 
30 ft. high ; bark gray ; twigs slender, smooth or pubescent ; leaves 
deciduous, ovate or oval, mucronate, entire or glandular-dentate, 
coriaceous, green above, often slightly pubescent beneath ; racemes 
with leaf-like bracts ; pedicels slender, drooping ; corolla campanulate, 
white ; anthers included ; style exserted ; berry globose, black, mealy, 
ripening in winter. May-June. Common in dry, open woods. 



96. PRIMULACEJE. PRIMROSE FAMILY. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves scattered, or clustered 
and radical ; inflorescence various, flowers regular, perfect ; 
calyx free or adherent to the base of the ovary, usually 4-5- 
lobed and persistent ; corolla 4-5-lobed ; stamens as many as 
the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, inserted on its 
tube or hypogynous, filaments distinct or slightly united at 
the base ; ovary 1-celled, with a free central placenta, style 
single, stigma entire, capitate ; fruit a 1-celled, many-seeded 
capsule. 



174 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



I. STEIRONEMA. 



Perennial herbs ; leaves opposite or whorled, simple, entire ; 
flowers yellow, axillary or racemose, on slender peduncles; 
calyx tube 5-parted, persistent ; corolla 5-parted, rotate, tube 
very short or none, the lobes denticulate at the apex, and in 
the bud each one enclosing a stamen ; stamens 5, distinct or 
slightly united at the base, sterile rudiments often alternat- 
ing with them ; ovary globose, style slender ; fruit a globose, 
5-valved, few or many-seeded capsule. 

1. S. ciliatum (L.) Raf. Fringed Loosestrife. Stems erect, 
slender, simple or branched, 1-3 ft. high ; leaves opposite, ovate to 
ovate-lanceolate, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, margins 
and petioles hairy-fringed ; flowers solitary on axillary peduncles, 
f-1 in. broad ; petals broadly ovate or roundish, denticulate ; calyx 
shorter than the capsule. June-August. Woods and thickets. 

2. S. lanceolatum (Walt.) Gr. Lance-leaved Loosestrife. 
Stem erect, slender, smooth, simple or branched, l-o ft. high ; leaves 
opposite or the upper ones whorled, the lower leaves petioled, broadly 
ovate or orbicular, the upper linear-lanceolate or linear, sessile, mar- 
gins smooth or ciliate ; flowers on slender axillary branches, ^-f in. 
broad ; petals cuspidate ; capsule nearly as long as the calyx lobes. 
June-August. On damp soil. 



II. ANAGALLIS. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; stems erect or diffuse ; leaves 
opposite or whorled ; flowers axillary, peduncled ; calyx tube 
5-parted, persistent ; corolla rotate, 5-parted, longer than the 
calyx; stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, fila- 
ments bearded ; ovary globose, style slender, stigma capitate ; 
fruit a many-seeded capsule with circumscissile dehiscence. 

A. arvensis L. Poor Man's Weather-glass. Annual; stem 
spreading, widely branched, 4-angled, smooth, 4-12 in. long ; leaves 
opposite, sessile, ovate, black-dotted beneath ; flowers on peduncles 
longer than the leaves, nodding in fruit ; corolla glandular-ciliate, 
longer than the acute calyx lobes, bright red, opening in sunshine ; 
capsule globose, tipped by the persistent style. May-July. Intro- 
duced, and common in fields and gardens. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 175 



III. DODECATHEON. 

Perennial, acaulescent herbs ; leaves all radical, in a rosu- 
late tuft ; flowers in an involucrate umbel at the summit of 
a naked scape; calyx 5-cleft, the lobes reflexed; corolla 5- 
cleft, tube very short, lobes reflexed; stamens 5, filaments 
short and united at the base, anthers long and erect ; ovary 
free from the calyx, style long and slender, exserted, stigma 
capitate ; fruit an oblong, many-seeded capsule. 

D. Meadia L. Shooting Star. Rootstock stout ; leaves spatu- 
late or oblong, tapering into a petiole, smooth, entire or crenate ; 
scape smooth, 10-20 in. high ; umbel many-flowered, flowers showy, 
nodding on long and slender pedicels which become erect in fruit ; 
corolla purple or white ; involucral bracts lanceolate or linear ; cap- 
sule ovoid, ^-f in. long, seeds small, punctate. April-June. In 
dry woods ; one of the most beautiful wild flowers. 

97. EBENACE^E. EBONY FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves simple, alternate, entire, exstipu- 
late, petioled; flowers polygamous, dioecious or rarely per- 
fect, the staminate cymose, the pistillate axillary and solitary ; 
calyx free from the ovary, 3-7-lobed, persistent ; corolla 3-7- 
lobed, deciduous ; stamens 15-20 in the staminate flowers, 
inserted on the base of the corolla, often in pairs ; usually a 
few abortive stamens in the pistillate flowers ; ovary supe- 
rior, several-celled? 1-3 ovules in each cell, styles 2-8, dis- 
tinct or united below ; fruit fleshy, several-seeded. 

DIOSPYROS. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves broad ; flowers lateral ; calyx 4-6- 
lobed, persistent, becoming enlarged and thickened in fruit ; 
corolla bell-shaped, 4-6-cleft ; stamens usually 16 in the 
staminate flowers ; styles in the pistillate flowers 2-4, united 
below, cells of the ovary double the number of the styles ; 
fruit pulpy, with several large, flat seeds. 

D. Virginiana L. Persimmon. Trees, with rough, black 
bark and very hard wood ; leaves oval or ovate-oblong, acute or 



176 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

acuminate at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, 
entire, smooth and dark green above, pale and often pubescent 
beneath, short-petioled, deciduous ; flowers yellowish-white, the parts 
mostly in 4's ; fruit globose, edible when ripe, very astringent when 
green ; seeds large, compressed, often wanting. May-June. Fruit 
ripening late in the fall; very common. 

98. SYMPLOCACEJE. SWEET-LEAF FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves simple, alternate, petioled, exstipu- 
late ; flowers in sessile axillary clusters ; calyx tube partially 
adherent to the ovary, o-lobed ; corolla o-lobed ; stamens very 
numerous, usually somewhat united in clusters, filaments 
filiform ;. ovary 2-5-celled, ovules 2 in each cell, style slen- 
der, stigma entire or 3-5-lobed ; fruit a small drupe or berry, 
1-5-seeded. 

SYMPLOCOS. 

Characters of the family. 

S. tixctoria (L.) L'Her. Sweet Leaf. A shrub or small 
tree ; leaves alternate, coriaceous, oval or oblong, acute at each end, 
crenate-dentate, pubescent when young, becoming smooth above, 
somewhat evergreen, sweet to the taste ; petioles short, pubescent ; 
flower clusters sessile, scaly-bracted ; flowers light yellow ; calyx 
smooth, top-shaped ; stamens in 5 sets ; stigma entire ; fruit becom- 
ing nearly dry, 1 -seeded. March- April. Banks of streams and low 
woods. 

99. STYRACACEiE. STORAX FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate ; 
flowers regular, perfect, clustered or solitary ; calyx more or 
less adherent to the ovary, 4-8-toothed or truncate ; corolla 
hypogynous or inserted on the calyx, 4-8-lobed or sometimes 
polypetalous ; stamens inserted on the base of the corolla, 
twice as many as its lobes or more numerous, distinct, mona- 
delphous or polydelphous ; ovary 2-5-celled, style slender, 
stigma simple or lobed; fruit berry -like or dry, 1-5-celled, 
one seed in each cell. 



DICOTYLEDONS, 177 



I. MOHRODENDRON. 

Trees or shrubs ; pubescence stellate ; leaves ample, den- 
tate, petioled ; flowers in short lateral racemes or clusters, 
white, bell-shaped, drooping on slender pedicels, appearing 
with or before the leaves ; calyx obconic, obscurely 4-toothed, 
adnate to the ovary, teeth persistent ; corolla 4-lobed or 
4-petalous ; stamens 8-16, filaments flat, distinct or united 
below ; the short style persistent, ovary 2-4-celled, ovules 4 
in each cell ; fruit dry, prominently 2-4-winged, 1-3-seeded. 

1. M. dipterum (Ell.) Britt. Two-winged Silver-bell. A 
small tree ; leaves oval, serrate, pubescent, 4-6 in. long ; racemes 
2-4-flowered ; flowers white, 1 in. wide, on long and slender pedi- 
cels ; petals 4, nearly or quite distinct ; stamens 8, distinct, anthers 
spreading; ovary 3-celled; fruit compressed, 2-winged, 1 in. long. 
March-April. In rich woods. 

2. M. Carolinianum (L.) Britt. Four-winged Silver-bell. 
Small trees ; leaves oval to ovate-oblong, finely serrate, pubescent 
when young, becoming smooth when old, 2-4 in. long ; flowers 2-4 
in a cluster, pedicels long and slender ; corolla 4-lobed ; stamens 
mostly 12, united below the middle, anthers erect ; ovary 4-celled ; 
fruit 1-1 J in. long, exceeding the pedicel, prominently 4-winged. 
March- April. River banks. 



II. STYRAX. 

Shrubs ; pubescence downy or scurfy-stellate ; leaves alter- 
nate, entire or toothed, deciduous ; flowers white, in leafy 
racemes ; calyx tube 5-toothed, slightly coherent with the 
base of the ovary ; corolla 5-parted, the lobes spreading or 
reflexed ; stamens 10, inserted on the base of the corolla, 
distinct, or monadelphous below ; ovary 3-celled, style fili- 
form, stigma 3-lobed ; fruit a globose, 3-valved, 1-seeded 
capsule. 

1. S. Americana Lam. Smooth Storax. A shrub 4-8 ft. 
high ; leaves ovate to obovate, usually acute at both ends, entire 
or few-toothed, thin, smooth when old, often scurfy below when 
young ; flowers solitary or in 4-6-flowered, scurfy racemes, pedicels 
slender ; calyx teeth short, subulate ; pedicels and calyx glandular- 
dotted ; fruit globose, puberulent, ^ in. in diameter. March-May. 
Banks of streams. 



178 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

2. S. pulverulenta Michx. Dowxy Storax. A shrub 4-6 
ft. high ; leaves elliptical to obovate, acute at each end, entire or 
slightly toothed, the lower surface as well as the twigs, pedicels and 
calyx densely scurfy or stellate-pubescent ; racemes short, terminal 
or axillary, pedicels short ; flowers fragrant ; calyx teeth subulate ; 
fruit globose, puberulent. March-April. Pine-barren swamps. 

3. S. grandiflora Ait. Large-leaved Storax. A shrub 
4^-10 ft. high; leaves large, 3-6 in. long, obovate or oval, acute at 
each end, entire or coarsely toothed, smooth above, white-tomentose 
below ; petioles short ; racemes many-flowered, flowers longer than 
the pedicels ; calyx f urrow T ed, teeth triangular, acute ; fruit obovoid, 
puberulent. March-May. In rich woods. 

100. OLEACEiE. OLIVE FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite, simple or compound, ex- 
stipulate, deciduous or evergreen ; flowers in terminal or 
axillary clusters, perfect, polygamous or dioecious ; calyx 
small, 4-parted, free from the ovary, or none ; corolla 4-lobed, 
or 4-petalous, or wanting ; stamens 2-4, distinct ; ovary 
2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, style usually short or none ; 
fruit a 1-2-seeded capsule, samara, drupe or berry. 

I. FRAXINUS. 

Trees ; leaves petioled, compound, odd-pinnate, deciduous ; 
flowers in racemes or fascicles from buds of the previous 
season, polygamous or dioecious ; calyx minutely 4-toothed, 
or wanting ; corolla usually wanting ; stamens 2-4, hypogy- 
nous, anthers longer than the filaments ; stigma 2-cleft ; 
fruit a 1-2-seeded samara winged at the apex. 

1. F. Americana L. White Ash. A large tree ; bark rough, 
gray, wood hard, strong, elastic ; twigs and petioles glabrous ; leaflets 
usually 7, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, rounded 
or obtuse at the base, entire or slightly serrate, smooth above, often 
pubescent beneath, short-stalked ; flowers mostly dioecious ; calyx of 
the pistillate flowers persistent ; samara 1^-2 in. long, winged only 
at the apex, wing spatulate or oblanceolate. April-May. In rich 
woods and swamps. 

2. F. Pennsylvania Marsh. Ked Ash. A small tree ; bark 
rough, dark gray ; twigs and petioles densely velvety-pubescent ; 



DICOTYLEDONS. 179 

leaflets 5-9, oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, 
narrowed into a short stalk at the base, finely serrate, smooth above, 
velvety-pubescent beneath ; calyx of the pistillate flowers persistent ; 
samara 1^- 2 in. long, the wing somewhat decurrent along the sides, 
oblanceolate or spatulate, often notched. March-April. Swamps 
and moist soil. 

3. F. Carolixiana Mill. Water Ash. A small tree ; wood 
soft, light and weak ; twigs smooth or pubescent ; leaflets 5-7, ovate 
or elliptical, acute at the apex, acute or obtuse at the base, entire or 
slightly serrate, smooth or slightly pubescent, stalked ; flowers dioe- 
cious; calyx persistent; samara often 3-angled or 3-w 7 inged, wings 
decurrent nearly to the base, oblong or oval, pinnately veined. 
March-April. In swamps and wet soil. 

II. CHIONANTHUS. 

Shrubs or small trees ; leaves simple, opposite, entire, 
petioled, deciduous ; flowers in panicles borne on wood of 
the previous season ; calyx small, 4-cleft, persistent ; corolla 
wheel-shaped, 4-parted, the lobes long and linear; stamens 
2-4, included, inserted on the base of the corolla ; style short, 
stigma 2-lobed ; fruit a 1-seeded drupe. 

C. Virgixica L. Fringe-tree. A small tree, w r ith smooth, 
light gray bark and spreading branches; leaves oval to oblong, 
acute or obtuse at each end, smooth or slightly pubescent ; panicles 
large and loose, leafy-bracted, appearing with the leaves ; flowers on 
slender, drooping pedicels ; petals 1 in. or more in length ; drupe 
ovoid, purple, |— § in. long. April-May. Along streams, usually on 
light soil. 

III. LIGUSTRUM. 

Shrubs ; leaves simple, opposite, entire, deciduous or some- 
times persistent ; flowers in terminal panicles or thyrses, 
white, small; calyx minutely 4-toothed or truncate; corolla 
funnel-form, 4-lobed ; stamens 2, short, inserted in the tube 
of the corolla; ovary free, 2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, 
style short ; fruit a 1-4-seeded, globose berry. 

L. vulgare L. Privet. A branching shrub 4-10 ft. high; 
branches long and slender ; leaves somewmat coriaceous, lanceolate 
to obovate, short-petioled, tardily deciduous ; panicles dense, minutely 
pubescent; flowers fragrant, ^ in. wide; stamens included; berries 
black. April-June. Introduced from Europe and used largely for 
hedges. 



180 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



IV. OLEA. 

Trees or shrubs; leaves evergreen, opposite, simple, coria- 
ceous ; flowers in axillary racemes or panicles, fragrant ; 
calyx 4-toothed, persistent ; corolla short-salver-form, 4-lobed ; 
stamens 2, exserted ; stigma globose or 2-lobed ; fruit a 1-2- 
seeded drupe. 

1. O. Americana L. American Olive. A small tree ; bark 
smooth, light gray ; leaves thick, elliptical to obovate, petioled, entire, 
smooth and shining ; racemes axillary, shorter than the leaves ; flow- 
ers polygamous or dioecious, bracted : drupe ovoid, dark purple, 
bitter and astringent. March-April. Along streams and margins 
of swamps ; more abundant near the coast. 

2. O. fragraxs Thunb. Sweet Olive. A small tree ; leaves 
thick, lanceolate-oblong, petioled, serrate, smooth and shining; flow- 
ers in axillary corymbs, white or pink, very fragrant ; drupe globose, 
black. March-May. Introduced from China and widely cultivated. 



101. LOGANIACEJE. LOGANIA FAMILY. r 

Herbs, shrubs or twining vines ; leaves simple, opposite, 
connate, or the bases connected by a stipular line ; flowers 
perfect, regular, in spikes or cymes, or axillary and solitary ; 
calyx tube free from the ovary, 4-5-lobed ; corolla tubular 
to campanulate ; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla 
and inserted in the tube ; ovary mostly 2-celled, style sin- 
gle, stigma 2-5-cleft ; fruit a 2-valved, few- or many-seeded 
capsule. 

I. GELSEMIUM. 

Twining woody vines ; leaves evergreen, opposite, bases 
connected by a stipular line ; flowers in bracted axillary or 
terminal cymes ; pedicels scaly-bracted ; calyx 5-parted, per- 
sistent ; corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded ; sta- 
mens 5, inserted near the base of the corolla tube, anthers 
oblong-sagittate ; ovary 2-celled, style 1, deeply 4-parted ; 
fruit an oblong, compressed, 2-celled capsule, seeds several, 
flattened and winged. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 181 

G. sempervirens (L.) Ait. Yellow Jessamine. Stem smooth, 
twining high ; young branches purple ; leaves lanceolate to ovate, 
acuminate at the apex, acute to slightly cordate at the base, entire, 
coriaceous; flowers H in. long, bright yellow, fragrant, of two forms, 
in one of which the anthers are exserted and the style included, 
while in the other the anthers are included and style long ; pedicels 
short ; capsule flattened contrary to the partition, seeds oval, winged 
at the apex. March-April. Woods and river banks. 

II. SPIGELIA. 

Herbs ; leaves opposite, entire ; flowers in one-sided, scor- 
pioid spikes, or rarely solitary ; calyx 5-parted, its lobes slen- 
der, persistent ; corolla tubular-funnel form, 5-lobed, the tube 
many-nerved ; stamens 5, inserted in the tube of the corolla, 
anthers linear ; style slender, jointed in the middle, bearded 
above, stigma capitate, ovary 2-celled, ovules many ; fruit a 
capsule, few-seeded, seeds not winged. 

S. Marilandica L. Pinkroot. Perennial; stem simple, erect, 
smooth, 4-angled, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute 
at the apex, rounded or sessile at the base, smooth above, pubescent 
on the veins beneath ; spikes terminal, many-flowered, sometimes 
forking, bracted below the short pedicels; corolla 1^-2 in. long, dark 
red outside, yellow within, lobes lanceolate, spreading ; anthers and 
style exserted ; capsule somewhat flattened, seeds flattened, orbicu- 
lar. May-June. In rich woods. 



102. GENTIANACEJE. GENTIAN FAMILY. 

Herbs ; mostly with a bitter juice ; stem smooth ; leaves 
simple, opposite or verticillate, exstipulate, entire ; flowers 
perfect, regular, terminal or axillary, clustered or solitary; 
calyx 2-12-parted, persistent ; corolla 4-12-lobed ; stamens 
as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted in its lobes 
or throat ; ovary superior, 1- or partly 2-celled, ovules numer- 
ous, attached to parietal placentae, style simple or none, 
stigma entire or 2-lobed ; fruit a 1-celled, or imperfectly 2-4- 
celled capsule dehiscent by 2 valves. 



182 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



I. SABBATIA. 

Annual or biennial herbs ; stems erect, glabrous, branching, 
often angled ; leaves opposite or verticillate, sessile or rarely 
petioled ; flowers terminal, white or red, solitary or cymose ; 
calyx 4-12-parted, the tube usually very short, the lobes long 
and narrow; corolla wheel-shaped, deeply 4-12-parted; sta- 
mens 5-12 and inserted on the throat of the corolla, anthers 
slender, curved; ovary 1-celled, style with filiform lobes, 
twisted ; capsule globose, 2-valved, many-seeded, seeds reticu- 
lated. 

1. S. macrophylla Hook. Large-leaved Sabbatia. Bien- 
nial ; stem erect, glaucous, rigid, hollow, corymbosely branched 
above, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves opposite, thick, ovate-lanceolate, acute at 
the apex, clasping at the base, strongly 3-5-nerved ; flowers in large, 
flat-topped cymes, white, j- in. wide ; calyx 5-parted, the lobes bristle- 
like, one-third the length of the lobes of the corolla. June- August. 
Low pine barrens, more common southward. 

2. S. angularis (L.) Pursh. Bitterbloom. Annual ; stem 
erect, square, wing-angled, smooth, widely branched, 1-2 ft. high ; 
lower branches sometimes alternate, the others opposite ; leaves 
numerous, ovate, acute, cordate-clasping at the base, 3-5-nerved, 
about as long as the joints ; flowers in a panicled cyme, about 1 in. 
wide, rose color or purple ; calyx lobes 5, linear, about half the length 
of the obovate corolla lobes ; style 2-cleft ; capsule ovoid, about the 
length of the calyx lobes. July-August. On low rich soil. 

3. S. stellaris Pursh. Marsh Pink. Stem obscurely 4-angled, 
widely branched, smooth, 1-2 ft. high ; branches all alternate ; leaves 
thick or somewhat fleshy, the lower spatulate, the upper lanceolate- 
oblong or linear, sessile ; flowers on long peduncles, 1-1 3- in. wide, 
pink to white, with a yellow eye ; calyx lobes linear, shorter than the 
obovate divisions of the corolla ; style deeply 2-cleft ; capsule ovoid. 
June-September. In salt marshes. 

4. S. campaxulata (L.) Torr. Slender Marsh Pink. Stem 
obscurely 4-angled, slender ; the branches alternate and diffuse ; leaves 
linear, the upper filiform, and the lower broader and obtuse, sessile, 
1—1^ in. long ; flowers on rather short peduncles, pink with a yellow 
eye, 1-1 ^ in. wide ; calyx lobes linear, as long as the oblong-obovate 
divisions of the corolla ; style 2-cleft ; capsule obovoid, about half 
the length of the calyx lobes. May- August. Low pine barrens and 
brackish marshes. 

5. S. gentianoides Ell. Pine-woods Pink. Stem erect, smooth, 
simple, or few-branched above, 9-15 in. high ; leaves oblanceolate or 



DICOTYLEDONS. 183 

oblong, narrowed at the base, the upper linear, sessile ; flowers termi- 
nal, sometimes 2-3 together on short peduncles, 2-bracted ; calyx 
lobes 7-12, narrowly lanceolate ; corolla 7-12-parted, bright rose 
color, 1J-2 in. wide; anthers straight. Jane-August. Low pine 
barrens. 

II. GENTIANA. 

Annual or perennial herbs, mostly blooming after mid- 
summer ; leaves opposite or verticillate, sessile or short- 
petioled ; flowers showy, solitary or clustered, terminal or 
axillary ; calyx tubular, 4-5-parted ; corolla tubular, funnel- 
form or salver-form, 4-5-lobed, often with plaited and toothed 
folds between the lobes ; stamens 4-5, alternate with the lobes 
of the corolla and inserted in the tube, distinct or united by 
the anthers, included ; ovary 1-celled, styles short or none, 
stigmas 2 ; fruit a 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded capsule. 

1. G. Elliottii Chap. Elliott's Gentian. Perennial; stem 
erect, slender, somewhat rough-pubescent, 6-18 in. high; leaves ovate 
to narrowly lanceolate, acute at the apex, rounded and clasping at 
the base, rough-margined, 3-nerved ; flow T ers in terminal and axillary 
clusters, about 2 in. long, sessile or nearly so, 2-bracted ; calyx lobes 
oblong, twice as long as the tube ; corolla funnel-form, bright blue 
without, deep blue and yellow within, the lobes short, ovate, obtuse, 
folds between the lobes 2-toothed and fimbriate; anthers cohering 
in a tube ; seeds oblong, winged ; plant quite variable. September- 
October. In moist soil. 

2. G. Porphyrio Gmel. Narrow-leaved Gentian. Peren- 
nial; stem erect, glabrous, simple or branched, 4-15 in. high; leaves 
opposite, linear and somewhat fleshy; flowers terminal, solitary; 
calyx lobes linear, erect, a little longer than the tube ; corolla spread- 
ing, funnel-form, bright blue, 1^-2 in. long, the lobes ovate, acute, 
two or three times as long as the laciniate folds ; anthers not united ; 
seeds oblong, wingless. August- October. Moist pine barrens. 

III. FRASERA. 

Perennial or biennial herbs ; stems mostly tall and gla- 
brous ; leaves opposite or verticillate, sessile ; flowers in 
terminal, cymose panicles or thyrses ; calyx 4-parted ; corolla 
4-parted, the lobes spreading and bearing 1 or 2 fringed 
glands upon the upper face ; stamens 4, inserted in the tube 
of the corolla ; ovary 1-celled, style usually short, persistent, 



184 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

stigmas entire or 2-lobed; fruit an ovoid, compressed, 2-valved, 
few-seeded capsule. 

F. Carolinensis Walt. American Columbo. Perennial, 
root large, bitter ; stem erect, stout, 4-8 ft. high ; leaves in whorls of 
4-6, the lower spatulate or oblanceolate, the upper elliptical, becoming 
small and bract-like near the summit of the stem ; flowering branches 
in whorls of 4, forming a large pyramidal panicle ; pedicels slender ; 
flowers about 1 in. wide ; corolla rotate, yellowish-white with numer- 
ous brownish-purple spots, lobes oblong, with a large fringed gland 
near the middle; capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx; seeds flat- 
tened, winged. June-August. In rich and dry woods. 



103. APOCYNACE^E. DOGBANE FAMILY. 

Perennial herbs or shrubs, with acrid milky juice ; leaves 
simple, alternate, opposite or verticillate, exstipulate ; flow- 
ers perfect, regular, solitary, cymose or paniculate ; calyx 
5-parted, persistent ; corolla bell-shaped to salver-form, con- 
volute in the bud; stamens 5, inserted in the tube of the 
corolla and alternate with its lobes ; ovary superior, usually 
of 2 distinct carpels united by the style, sometimes 2-celled 
or 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae, style simple or 2-parted ; 
fruit usually 2 follicles, many-seeded, seeds often with a 
coma. 

I. AMSONIA. 

Perennial herbs ; stem erect, branched ; leaves alternate ; 
flowers in terminal panicles ; calyx small, 5-parted ; corolla 
small, pale blue, funnel- or salver-form, pubescent within ; sta- 
mens inserted above the middle of the tube, included ; ovary 
of 2 carpels, united at the top by the slender style, stigma 
globose, surrounded by a cup-shaped appendage ; fruit 2 slen- 
der, erect, many-seeded follicles, seeds not comose. 

1. A. Amsonia (L.) Britt. Amsonia. Stem smooth and gla- 
brous, branched above, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate, entire, acumi- 
nate at the apex, acute at the base, smooth above, glaucous or slightly 
pubescent beneath, short-petioled ; flowers numerous, on bracted 
pedicels ; corolla tube slender, smooth or sometimes pubescent above, 



DICOTYLEDONS. 185 

the lobes narrow, as long as the tube; follicles slender, spreading, 
4-6 in. long, seeds pubescent. April- June. Swamps and wet 
ground. 

2. A. angustifolia Michx. Xarrow-leaved Amsonia. The 
whole plant villous when young, becoming smoother with age ; stems 
finally much branched above, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves crowded, linear or 
linear-lanceolate, fringed and re volute on the edges, almost sessile ; 
corolla pale blue or white, funnel-form, smooth ; follicles very slen- 
der, 2-5 in. long. April-May. On dry soil. 

II. VINCA. 

Erect or trailing herbs ; juice only slightly milky ; leaves 
opposite, entire, thick, smooth ; flowers axillary ; calyx tube 
short, obconic, lobes narrow, elongated; tube of the corolla 
with a callous ring at the throat, pubescent within, limb 
spreading, segments oblique ; stamens 5, alternate with the 
lobes of the corolla, and inserted in the tube, included ; disk 
of 2 glands alternate with the 2 carpels ; style single, stigma 
enlarged; follicles erect or spreading, many-seeded, seeds 
not comose. 

Y. minor L. Periwinkle. Stem slender, trailing, often root- 
ing at the nodes, 1-3 ft. long ; leaves ovate, acute at the apex, short- 
petioled, bright green ; flowers axillary, solitary, 1 in. wide ; calyx 
with linear lobes nearly as long as the inflated tube of the blue 
corolla; matured follicles slender, slightly divergent. January-June. 
Introduced from Europe and common in gardens. 



III. APOCYNUM. 

Perennial herbs ; stems with very tough bark, branched 
above ; leaves opposite, entire ; flowers in terminal and axil- 
lary bracted cymes ; calyx small, 5-parted, lobes acute ; corolla 
bell-shaped, 5-lobed, with a small scale-like appendage at the 
base of each lobe ; stamens 5, distinct, inserted in the base 
of the corolla tube ; ovaries 2, distinct, united by the styles, 
stigma obtuse, 2-lobed ; follicles long, slender, many-seeded, 
seeds comose. 

A. cannabinum L. Indian Hemp. Stem erect, smooth, with 
numerous erect or ascending branches ; leaves oval to oblong, mucro- 
nate at the apex, rounded at the base, pubescent beneath, short- 



186 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

petioled ; cymes terminal, compact, shorter than the leaves ; flowers 
on short, bracted pedicels, greenish- white, about \ in. broad; calyx 
lobes lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube of the corolla ; corolla 
lobes erect; follicles very slender, tapering, 3-4 in. long. June- 
August. Along fences and in thickets. 

IV. NERIUM. 

Shrubs ; leaves mostly verticillate in 3's ; flowers in termi- 
nal cymes ; calyx small, lobes acute ; corolla salver- form, 
convolute, the throat of the tube crowned with cleft or fim- 
briate scales ; stamens 5, short, included, anthers tipped 
with a hairy bristle ; ovary of 2 carpels, style short ; follicles 
erect, seeds comose. 

N. Oleander L. Oleander. Stem erect, diffusely branched 
from below, 4-10 ft. high; leaves narrowly elliptical, acute at each 
end, thick and leathery, short-petioled ; flowers showy, in large clus- 
ters, red or white, often double ; scales of the crown 3-4-pointed 
unequal teeth ; follicles fusiform, 3-4 in. long. April-November. 
Introduced from Palestine, common in cultivation and often spon- 
taneous in the southern section. 



104. ASCLEPIADACEJE. MILKWEED FAMILY. 

Herbs, twining vines or sometimes shrubby plants, with 
milky juice ; leaves alternate, opposite or verticillate, exstipu- 
late ; flowers perfect, regular, in terminal and axillary cymes 
or umbels ; calyx 5-parted, persistent, the tube short or none ; 
corolla 5-parted, deciduous, rotate, campanulate or funnel- 
form ; stamens 5, inserted near the base of the corolla; fila- 
ments united into a tube (gymnosteginm) enclosing the ovary, 
and bearing appendages which are often hood-like, and are 
termed the stamineal crown ; anthers erect, 2-celled, the cells 
often with a thin membranous appendage at the apex or 
sometimes at the base ; pollen masses waxy, usually 1 in each 
anther cell, attached in pairs and to the stigma by a connec- 
tive stalk ; ovary of 2 carpels, styles 2, united into a single 
fleshy stigma; fruit a many-seeded follicle, seeds usually 



DICOTYLEDONS. 187 

coniose. Most species bloom late in the season. [The pollen 
masses are easily withdrawn from the anther-sacks, and are 
often fonnd attached to the legs of insects which visit the 
flowers for nectar and fertilize the pistils in their struggles 
to free themselves from the sticky anthers.] 

I. ASCLEPIAS. 

Perennial herbs ; stems erect or decumbent ; leaves alter- 
nate, opposite or whorled ; flowers in terminal or lateral 
umbels ; calyx 5-parted, small, lobes acute ; corolla rotate, 
deeply 5-parted, reflexed, crown of 5 hoods, each containing 
an incurved, horn-like appendage ; anthers tipped with an 
inflexed membrane ; pollen masses 10, each pair occupying 
the contiguous cells of adjacent anthers ; follicles large, 
many-seeded, seeds flat, usually comose. 

1. A. tuberosa L. Butterfly-weed. Stem stout, erect or 
ascending, branched above, hirsute, very leafy, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves 
alternate or the lower opposite, oblong to lanceolate or linear, acute 
at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, short-petioled, pubescent ; 
umbels numerous, corymbose, many-flowered ; peduncles shorter than 
the leaves ; pedicels erect, about 1 in. long, pubescent ; corolla yel- 
lowish-orange, crown bright orange, hoods erect, longer than the 
slender horns, and twice as long as the stamens ; follicles erect, fusi- 
form, pubescent, seeds comose. June-August. Common on dry 
soil. 

2. A. variegata L. White Milkweed. Stem stout, leafless 
and smooth below, leafy and pubescent in lines above ; leaves oppo- 
site, the middle ones sometimes in f 's, petioled, ovate to obovate, 
cuspidate, smooth on both sides, pale beneath, edges slightly crenate ; 
umbels 1-5, compact, pubescent, 1-2 in. long ; pedicels erect, as long 
as the peduncles ; corolla white, often purple at the base ; hoods 
roundish, spreading, longer than the purplish gymnostegium, and a 
little longer than the thick, awl-pointed, incurved horn ; follicles 
erect, downy, seeds comose. May-June. Dry, open woods. 

3. A. amplexicaulis Michx. Pine-barren Asclepias. Stems 
recurved, ascending or decumbent, smooth and glaucous, 1-2 ft. long ; 
leaves opposite, very thick, ovate, obtuse at the apex, cordate and 
clasping at the base, veins white and prominent ; umbels 3-6, many- 
flowered ; peduncles half the length of the leaves, longer than the 
slender pedicels ; corolla ash-colored ; hoods white, longer than the 



188 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

gymnostegium and the nearly straight horn ; follicles ovate-lanceo- 
late, seeds comose. April-May. Dry pine ba.rrens. 

4. A. perennis Walt. Thin-leaved Milkweed. Stem erect, 
branched, slender, shrubby at the base, pubescent in lines above, 1-3 
ft. high ; leaves opposite, petioled, thin, lanceolate to oblong-lanceo- 
late, tapering at each end, smooth, pale beneath ; umbels few, long- 
peduncled, often corymbose ; pedicels slender, shorter than the 
peduncles ; flowers small, white ; hoods erect or spreading, about the 
length of the gymnostegium and half the length of the erect, needle- 
shaped horn ; follicle erect, ovate-lanceolate, smooth, seeds £ in. 
long, without coma. May-July. On river banks and in muddy 
places. 

II. VINCETOXICUM. 

Perennial ; stems twining ; leaves opposite, cordate, petioled ; 
flowers in axillary umbels or corymbs; calyx 5-parted, the 
lobes spreading ; corolla rotate, the tube very short, the lobes 
convolute in the bud ; crown an entire or lobed ring, adnate 
to the throat of the corolla; stamens inserted in the base 
of the corolla, not appendaged; gymnostegium flattened, 
depressed; follicles inflated, smooth or armed with soft 
spines, seeds comose. 

1. V. gonocarpos Walt. Large-leaved Yincetoxicum. 

Stem slender, smooth or pubescent, twining high, 10-20 ft. long; 
leaves ovate, abruptly acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the 
base, 3-6 in. long; petioles 1-4 in. long; umbels peduncled, several- 
flowered ; pedicels stout, spreading ; flower buds conic ; corolla green- 
ish-purple, lobes lanceolate, obtuse, 3-4 times as long as the calyx, 
pubescent within ; crown many-lobed ; follicles smooth, 3-5-angled, 
3-4 in. long. June-August. In moist thickets. 

2. V. Carolinense (Jacq.) Britt. Carolina Vincetoxicum. 
Stem slender, hirsute, twining, 8-15 ft. long; leaves ovate, acumi- 
nate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, 3-7 in. long ; petiole 
2-4 in. long ; umbels on peduncles as long as the petioles, 6-8- 
flowered ; flower buds ovate ; corolla dark purple, the oblong lobes 
puberulent without, smooth within ; crown 5-lobed with a 2-cleft 
tooth in each sinus ; follicles warty. May-July. In woods. 



105. CONVOLVULACE^E. MORNING-GLORY FAMILY. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; stems usually twining or trail- 
ig, sometimes erect ; leaves alternate, simple, exstipulate ; 



DICOTYLEDONS. 189 

flowers regular, perfect, axillary, solitary or cyrnose ; calyx 
5-partecl or 5-sepalous, usually persistent; corolla funnel- 
form or salver-form, 5-angled or 5-lobed, convolute ; stamens 
5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla, and inserted in its 
tube ; ovary free, sessile, 2-3-celled with 2 ovules in each 
cell, or 4-6-celled with 1 ovule in each cell, styles 1-3, 
entire or 2-cleft; fruit a 1-6-seeded capsule. 

I. DICHONDRA. 

Perennial creeping herbs, rooting at the nodes ; leaves 
cordate or reniform, petioled ; flowers solitary, perfect, on 
bractless peduncles shorter than the leaves ; calyx 5-parted, 
lobes narrowly obovate or spatulate ; corolla rotate or open 
funnel-form, 5-lobed, shorter than, the calyx ; stamens 5, in- 
cluded ; ovary deeply 2-parted, 4-celled, styles 2, stigmas 
capitate ; fruit 2 distinct capsules, each 1-2-seeded. 

D. evolvulacea (L.) Britt. Dichondra. Stems slender, 
pubescent, 6-15 in. long; leaves deeply cordate or reniform, pal- 
mately veined ; petiole 1-3 in. long; flowers small, greenish-yellow, 
less than ^ in. wide ; peduncles slender, erect ; calyx silky-pubescent, 
lobes of the corolla obovate or spatulate ; capsule small, pubescent, 
seeds smooth. March-October. On damp soil. 

II. BREWERIA. 

Perennial trailing herbs ; stem slender, pubescent ; leaves 
entire, sessile or short-petioled ; flowers small, on axillary 
peduncles longer than the leaves ; sepals 5 ; corolla white or 
yellow, bell-shaped, hairy, 5-lobed or angled ; stamens in- 
cluded ; ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled, styles 2, distinct or united 
below, stigmas peltate ; fruit a 1-4-seeded capsule. 

B. humistrata (Walt.) Gr. Breweria. Stem slender, pubes- 
cent or rough-hairy, branching, 1-3 ft. long ; leaves oblong to ellipti- 
cal, acute, obtuse or emarginate and mucronate at the apex, rounded 
or cordate at the base, pubescent ; petiole short ; peduncles very 
slender, 1-7-flowered, minutely bracted above ; sepals ovate, usually 
smooth, fringed on the margins ; corolla w T hite ; filaments hairy ; 
style 2-cleft ; capsule ovoid, as long as the calyx, mostly 1-seeded. 
May-September. In dry woods. 



190 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



III. QUAMOCLIT. 

Annual herbs ; stems slender, twining ; leaves petioled, 
entire or pinnatifid ; flowers solitary or clustered on axillary 
peduncles ; sepals 5, short-awned or awnless ; corolla salver- 
form, the tube long and somewhat enlarged above ; s.tamens 
inserted in the base of the tube, exserted, filaments dilated 
below; ovary 4-celled, style 1, stigma globose, 2-lobed; fruit 
a 4-celled, 4-seeded capsule. 

1. Q. Quamoclit (L.) Britt. Cypress Vine. Stem slender, 
smooth, twining high ; leaves dark green, pinnatifid, the divisions 
linear, smooth ; peduncles slender, as long as the leaves, 1-5-flow- 
ered ; pedicels thickened upward ; sepals ovate or oblong, mucronate ; 
corolla bright scarlet or sometimes yellowish-white, salver-form, the 
tube 1-H in- long, the limb flat and spreading, J-f in. wide; sta- 
mens and style exserted ; capsule ovoid, twice the length of the 
sepals. May-October. Common in gardens. 

2. Q. coccinea (L.) Moench. Small Bed Morning-glory. 
Stems twining or trailing, smooth or pubescent ; leaves cordate, acumi- 
nate at the apex, basal lobes somewhat angled ; petiole slender, 
nearly as long as the blade ; peduncles 3-5-flowered, longer than the 
petioles ; sepals awned ; corolla salver-form, slightly lobed, scarlet, 
sometimes yellowish, 1 in. long; capsule globose, as long as the 
sepals. June-September. Usually in cultivated ground. 

IV. IPOMCEA. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; stems twining or trailing, or 
rarely erect ; leaves from sagittate or cordate to nearly lin- 
ear ; flowers showy, white or purple, axillary, solitary, or in 
few-flowered cymes ; sepals 5, sometimes unequal ; corolla 
bell-shaped or funnel-form, 5-plaited and convolute in the 
bud, the limb entire, 5-angled or 5-lobed ; stamens included, 
often unequal ; ovary 2-4-celled, style slender, included, 
stigmas capitate, 2-lobed; fruit a 1-4-seeded capsule, seeds, 
smooth or hairy. 

1. I. paxdurata (L.) Meyer. Wild Potato Vine. Perennial, 
from a very large tuberous root; stem trailing or twining, smooth or 
slightly pubescent, 5-10 ft. long ; leaves broadly cordate, with the apex 
slender and obtuse, sometimes fiddle-shaped or 3-lobed ; petioles slen- 
der ; peduncles longer than the petioles, 1-5-flowered ; sepals oblong, 
obtuse, smooth, mucronate, the 2 outer ones shorter ; corolla white 



DICOTYLEDONS. 191 

with a purple throat, 2-3 in. wide, lobes pointed; capsule globose, 
2-3-seeded, the seeds woolly on the angles. May-September. On 
dry or damp sandy soil. 

2. I. tamnifolia L. Blue Bindweed. Annual ; stem at first 
stout and erect, becoming slender and twining above, hirsute, 1-6 
ft. long ; leaves cordate or ovate, acuminate, long-petioled, hairy ; 
peduncles longer than the petioles; flowers in crowded capitate 
cymes; bracts numerous, longer than the flowers; sepals subulate, 
bristly, as long as the corolla ; corolla bright blue, \ in. wide ; fruit 
a depressed, slightly 4-angled capsule, seeds rough. May-Septem- 
ber. Common in cultivated ground. 

3. I. purpurea (L.) Roth. Morning-glory. Annual; stem 
twining high, pubescent with reflexed hairs ; leaves cordate, entire, 
pubescent, long-petioled ; peduncles becoming elongated, 2-5 in. long, 
1-5-flowered ; pedicels twice the length of the calyx, reflexed in fruit ; 
sepals lanceolate, pubescent; coroll.a 2 in. or more in length, white, 
blue, red or variegated, closing in sunshine; ovary 3-celled; cap- 
sule globose, shorter than the sepals. May-October. Common in 
cultivation. 

4. I. sagittata Cav. Marsh Morning-glory. Perennial, 
from thick, fibrous roots; stem trailing, smooth, somewhat fleshy, 
3-6 ft. long ; leaves narrowly sagittate, basal lobes elongated, lanceo- 
late or linear, smooth; peduncles shorter than the leaves, enlarged 
above, 1-3-flowered, bracts small; sepals oval, purple at the apex; 
corolla pink-purple, 21-3 in. long; capsule ovoid, pointed, longer 
than the sepals, seeds silky on the angles. June-September. On 
damp soil, very common near the coast. 

V. CONVOLVULUS. 

Perennial herbs ; stem twining, trailing or erect ; leaves 
oval to cordate or sagittate, petioled; peduncles axillary, 
1-few-flowered ; flowers often with 2 large bracts at the 
base ; sepals 5, the 2 outer ones longer ; corolla bell-shaped, 
5-lobed or 5-anglecl ; stamens included ; style filiform, stigmas 
2, oblong or linear; fruit a globose, 1-4-celled, 1-4-seeded 
capsule, seeds smooth. 

C. sepium L. Bindweed. Stem smooth, slender, twining or 
trailing, 3-10 ft. long; leaves broadly sagittate or hastate, acute, 
the basal lobes spreading, obliquely truncate or angled, dentate or 
entire; petioles 1-2 in. long; peduncles 4-angled, longer than the 
petioles, 1-flowered ; bracts cordate-ovate, keeled on the back ; sepals 
acute; corolla white or pink, 1^-2 in. long. June-September. 
Common in cultivated fields. 



192 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



106. POLEMONIACEJE. PHLOX FAMILY. 

Annual, perennial or slightly shrubby plants ; leaves oppo- 
site or alternate : flowers perfect, regular, solitary, cymose or 
paniculate ; calyx 5-parted, the lobes s carious-margined ; 
corolla rotate to funnel-form or salver-form, convolute in the 
bud, the limb 5-lobed or parted ; stamens 5, inserted in the 
tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, filaments 
slender ; ovary free, 3-celled, 3-many-ovuled, style single, 
filiform, 3-cleft ; fruit a 3-celled, 3-valved, 3-many-seeded 
capsule, seeds angled. 

I. PHLOX. 

Perennial or rarely annual herbs ; steins erect or diffuse ; 
leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, entire, exstipulate ; 
flowers showy, white or purple, in terminal cymes or pani- 
cles ; calyx cylindrical or funnel-form, 5-cleft, the lobes acute ; 
corolla salver-form, the tube long and slender, the limb 
5-parted, the lobes spreading, entire or obcordate ; stamens 
included, unequal ; ovary 3-celled, style slender ; capsule 
ovoid, 3-celled, 1-few-seeded, seeds wingless or narrow- 
winged. 

1. P. panic ul at a L. Gaeden Phlox. Perennial; stems in 
clumps, stout, erect, simple or branched above, 2-4 ft. high; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate to oblong, acuminate at the apex, rounded or cor- 
date at the base, thin, smooth, veins prominent beneath; cymes 
numerous and compact, forming a pyramidal panicle; pedicels short; 
calyx teeth long, bristle-pointed; corolla purple to white, lobes 
round-obovate, shorter than the tube; capsule longer than the calyx 
tube. May-July. In rich woods ; often cultivated. 

2. P. pilosa L. Downy Phlox. Perennial; stem erect, slen- 
der, simple or branched, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves linear-lanceolate to 
linear, distant, spreading, long-acuminate, sessile, stem and leaves 
pubescent or villous ; cymes corymbose, loose ; flowers short-pedi- 
celed; calyx glandular-viscid, the teeth shorter than the tube of the 
purple corolla, bristle-pointed ; corolla tube pubescent, lobes obovate ; 
capsule twice the length of the calyx tube. April-May. In dry, 
open woods. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 193 

3. P. divaricata L. Wild Blue Phlox, Perennial ; stems 
erect or ascending from a decumbent base, viscid-pubescent, 1 ft. 
high ; leaves distant, lanceolate to oblong, acute at the apex, rounded 
at the base, sessile, pubescent; cymes corymbed, loosely flowered; 
calyx teeth subulate, longer than the tube; corolla bluish-purple, 
^— | in. long, lobes notched at the apex, as long as the tube; cap- 
sule oval, shorter than the calyx teeth. April-May. In moist, open 
woods. 

4. P. Drummondii Hook. Drummond's Phlox. Annual ; stem 
erect or ascending, slender, weak, branching, glandular-pubescent, 
6-12 in. high; leaves mostly alternate, lanceolate to oblong, pubes- 
cent, the upper clasping by a cordate base ; corymbs loose ; flowers 
rather long-pediceled ; calyx tube short, the teeth lanceolate-setaceous, 
soon recurved ; corolla purple to crimson or white, orifice of the tube 
usually with a white or yellowish star-like ring, lobes rounded at 
the apex; ovary 3-seeded, angles of the seeds winged. April-June. 
Introduced from Texas and common everywhere in gardens. 

II. GILIA. 

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs ; leaves opposite or 
alternate, entire or much divided; flowers solitary or clus- 
tered ; calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; corolla tubular 
to salver- form, 5-lobed ; stamens inserted evenly or unevenly, 
near the mouth of the tube, included or exserted ; ovary 
3-celled, 3-many-ovuled, style long, slender, stigma 3-lobed; 
fruit a 3-celled, 3-many-seeded capsule, seeds angled or 
compressed. 

G. rubra (L.) Heller. Scarlet Gilia. Biennial; stem erect, 
simple, smooth or pubescent, very leafy, 2-5 ft. high ; leaves pin- 
nately divided into filiform, acute segments; flowers very numerous 
in a long and slender panicle ; calyx lobes setaceous-subulate, as long 
as the tube ; corolla funnel-form, bright scarlet without, yellow 
spotted with red within, 1-1^- in. long, lobes acute, spreading, less 
than half the length of the tube : stamens slightly exserted ; seeds 
with a loose, reticulated outer coat. June-September. Dry, sandy 
soil. 

III. POLEMONIUM. 

Perennial or annual herbs ; stems erect or diffuse ; leaves 
alternate, pinnately divided ; flowers in a cyme or panicle ; 
calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, becoming enlarged in fruit, the 



194 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

lobes as long as the tube ; corolla rotate to bell-shaped, 
5-lobed; stamens 5, equally inserted in the throat of the 
tube, declined, filaments hairy at the base ; ovary ovoid, 
ovules several ; fruit a 3-celled, several-seeded capsule, seeds 
angled. 

P. reptans L. Greek Valerian. Perennial, from a short 
rootstock ; stem smooth, weak, diffusely branched, 9-12 in. high; 
leaves petioled, odd-pinnate; leaflets 5-13, ovate to elliptical, entire; 
corymbs peduncled, few-flowered ; flowers nodding, blue, J in. wide ; 
stamens white, included. April-May. Rich, shady woods. 

107. HYDROPHYLLACEiE. WATER-LEAP FAMILY. 

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs ; leaves usually alter- 
nate, sometimes opposite, pinnately or palmately divided; 
flowers regular, perfect, solitary or in one-sided spikes or 
racemes ; calyx 5-parted, persistent, often with reflexed ap- 
pendages in the sinuses ; corolla rotate to funnel-form or 
salver-form, 5-lobed ; stamens 5, inserted in the base of the 
corolla and alternate with its lobes, filaments filiform, 
anthers versatile ; ovary free, 1-celled w r ith 2 parietal pla- 
centae, or 2-celled, styles 2, distinct or united; fruit a glo- 
bose or oblong, 2-celled, 2-valved, few-many-seeded capsule, 
seeds angular, reticulated. 

I. HYDROPHYLLUM. 

Biennial or perennial herbs ; stem erect, hairy or pubes- 
cent; leaves alternate, long-petioled ; flowers in peduncled 
cymes, bractless ; calyx tubular, 5-cleft, with linear append- 
ages on the tube ; corolla broadly tubular or campanulate, 
5-lobed, the lobes appendaged w T ithin; stamens 5, exserted, 
filaments hairy below ; ovary hispid, 1-celled, with 2 thick 
fleshy placentae, 4-ovuled, style single, 2-cleft; fruit a glo- 
bose, 2-valved, 1-4-seeded capsule. 

H. macrophyllum Nutt. Large-leaved Water-leaf. Peren- 
nial, from a scaly rootstock ; stems stout, erect, hairy, 2-3 ft. high ; 
leaves pinnately divided or piimatifid, the divisions irregularly 



DICOTYLEDONS. 195 

toothed, the upper divisions larger ; the lower leaves long-petioled, 
the upper nearly sessile ; cymes simple or forked, compact ; peduncle 
stout ; pedicels short ; calyx lobes longer than the tube, hispid ; 
corolla nearly white ; capsule hispid, globose, shorter than the calyx. 
April-June. In rich woods. 

II. NEMOPHILA. 

Annual ; stems slender, decumbent, pubescent ; leaves al- 
ternate or opposite, lobed or divided ; flowers solitary, on 
peduncles opposite the petioles ; calyx 5-parted, with renexed 
appendages to the sinuses ; corolla bell-shaped or tubular, 
5-lobed, with 10 scale-like appendages at the base within ; 
stamens 5, included ; ovary hispid, 1-celled, placentae 2, 
ovules 2-12 ; fruit a globose, 1-2-seeded capsule. 

N. microcalyx (Nutt.) F. & M. Small-flowered Nemophila. 
Stem very slender, diffusely branched, pubescent, becoming smooth 
with age, 3-18 in. long; leaves alternate, or the lower opposite, long- 
petioled, deeply 3-5-parted, the lobes obovate, toothed ; flowers small, 
white, peduncles slender, shorter than the petioles ; appendages of 
the calyx and corolla minute ; capsule longer than the calyx, 1-2- 
seeded, seeds bony. April-June. In shady woods. 

III. NAMA. 

Perennial herbs ; stem glandular-pubescent or bristly ; 
leaves alternate, entire, often with spines in the axils ; flow- 
ers regular, perfect, axillary or terminal, solitary or clustered ; 
calyx 5-parted or 5-sepalous ; corolla bell-shaped, 5-parted ; 
stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, and alternate 
with its lobes, filaments dilated below ; ovary 2-celled, many- 
ovuled, styles 2, distinct, slender ; fruit a globose, 2-celled, 
several-seeded capsule. 

1. N. quadrivalvis (Walt.) Kuntze. Hairy Nama. Stem 
ascending or erect, from a creeping base, pubescent or hispid, mostly 
simple, 1-3 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate, acute at the apex, narrowed 
into a petiole below, pubescent on the veins beneath, axils spiny ; 
flowers axillary, solitary or clustered, short-peduncled ; calyx lobes 
linear, as long as the corolla ; stamens included ; capsule apparently 
4-celled by the thickening of the placentae, 2-valved, as long as the 
calyx. June-August. In muddy places. 



196 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

2. X. ovata (Nutt.) Britt. Ovate-leaved Nama. Stem 
erect, pubescent, spiny, simple or branched above, 2-3 ft. high ; 
leaves ovate, short-petiole d or the upper sessile, slightly pubescent ; 
flowers blue, crowded at the ends of the branches ; sepals lanceolate, 
hairy, shorter than the corolla ; stamens and styles exserted ; capsule 
shorter than the calyx. May- August. In wet soil. 

108. BORAGINACE^E. BORAGE FAMILY. 

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, or rarely shrubs ; 
leaves usually alternate, rough-hairy and entire, exstipulate ; 
flowers perfect, usually in one-sided coiled spikes or racemes ; 
calyx 5-parted, persistent ; corolla 5-lobed, hypogynous, often 
appendaged in the throat ; stamens 5, inserted in the tube of 
the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; ovary free, 2-celled, 
the cells deeply 2-lobed, making the ovary appear 4-celled, 
ovules 4, style single ; fruit usually 4 nutlets, each 1-seeded. 

I. HELIOTROPIUM. 

Herbs or shrubs ; leaves alternate, petioled, mostly entire; 
flowers white or blue, in one-sided scorpioid spikes; calyx 
lobes narrow ; corolla funnel-form or salver-form, not append- 
aged in the throat, the tube folded between the lobes ; sta- 
mens included, filaments short or none ; stigma conical ; 
ovary 4-grooved, separable into 4 nutlets. 

1. H. Curassavicum L. Seaside Heliotrope. Annual; 
stem succulent, glabrous and somewhat glaucous, diffusely branched, 
6-18 in. long; leaves alternate or opposite, oblanceolate to linear, 
obtuse at the apex, narrowed below, entire, somewhat fleshy, the 
upper sessile and often fasciculate ; spikes peduncled, often forked, 
densely flowered ; flowers small, white, fading to blue, sessile, bract- 
less ; capsule globose, nutlets smooth : plant turning black in drying. 
May-September. In saline marshes. 

2. H. Indicum L. Indian Heliotrope. Annual; stem erect, 
rough-hairy or hispid, branched, 1—3 ft. high; leaves ovate to oblong, 
obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, wavy on 
the margin, rugose, decurrent on the petiole ; spikes seldom forked, 
hairy, densely flowered, becoming 4-9 in. long ; calyx lobes lanceo- 
late, shorter than the hairy tube of the blue corolla ; capsule smooth, 
nutlets finally spreading. May-October. In waste places. 






DICOTYLEDONS. 197 



II. CYNOGLOSSUM. 

Biennial or perennial ; stems pubescent or hispid ; leaves 
alternate, the lower long-petioled, the upper sessile ; flowers 
in panicled racemes ; calyx 5-parted, enlarged and spreading 
in fruit ; corolla funnel-form, with 5 obtuse scales closing 
the throat of the tube ; stamens included ; ovary 4-lobed, 
style slender ; fruit 4 ovate nutlets which are covered with 
hooked or barbed bristles. 

C. Virginicum L. Wild Comfrey. Perennial; stem stout, 
simple, erect, leafless above, 2-3 ft. high; leaves oval or oblong, the 
upper clasping by a cordate base ; racemes bractless ; flowers pale 
blue, on short pedicels which are recurved in fruit ; nutlets not mar- 
gined, separating and falling away at maturity. April-June. On 
dry soil. 

III. MYOSOTIS. 

Low annual, biennial or perennial herbs ; stems branching, 
erect or diffuse ; leaves alternate, entire ; flowers small, blue, 
pink or white, in elongated bractless racemes ; calyx 5-cleft, 
the lobes erect or spreading in fruit ; corolla salver-form, 
5-lobed, the tube as long as the calyx, the throat with 5 small 
appendages ; stamens 5, inserted in the tube of the corolla, 
included ; ovary 4-parted, style slender ; nutlets smooth or 
pubescent, elliptical, compressed. 

1. M. palustris (L.) Lam. Forget-me-not. Perennial, from 
slender rootstocks ; stems slender, pubescent, rooting at the nodes, 
6-15 in. long ; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed 
to the sessile base, appressed-pubescent ; racemes many-flowered ; 
pedicels becoming elongated in fruit ; lobes of the calyx shorter 
than the tube, spreading in fruit ; corolla blue with a yellow eye ; 
nutlets angled, smooth. April-July. Common in gardens and 
often naturalized. 

2. M. laxa Lehm. Small Forget-me-not. Annual or peren- 
nial ; whole plant pubescent ; stem slender, weak, decumbent and 
rooting at the base, 1-2 ft. long ; lower leaves spatulate, the upper 
lanceolate ; racemes loosely flowered, becoming elongated in fruit ; 
pedicels spreading ; calyx hispid, the lobes as long as the tube ; 
corolla pale blue with a yellow eye ; nutlets convex on all sides. 
May- July. On low ground. 



198 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



IV. LITHOSPERMUM. 



Annual or perennial herbs, mostly rough-hairy, and with 
red roots ; leaves alternate, entire ; flowers in leafy-bracted 
spikes or racemes ; calyx 5-parted, the lobes narrow, equal ; 
Corolla funnel-form to salver-form, obtusely 5-lobed, smooth, 
crested or hairy in the throat ; stamens 5, inserted in the 
tube of the corolla, included; ovary deeply 4-parted, style 
slender, stigma capitate or 2-lobed ; nutlets 1-4, white and 
smooth or brown and wrinkled, truncate at the base. 



v ) 



1. L. arvense L. Field Gromwell. Annual or biennial ; 
rough with appressed hairs ; stem erect, simple or branched from 
the base, 6-18 in. high; leaves lanceolate to linear, the lower obtuse 
at the apex and tapering into a short petiole, the upper acute and 
sessile ; flowers scattering and sessile on the spikes ; calyx lobes 
linear-subulate, as long as the yellowish-white, funnel-form corolla ; 
nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted, about one-half the length of the 
calyx. March- April. Fields and waste places. 

2. L. Gmelini (Michx.) Hitch. Hairy Puccoon. Perennial; 
hispid with rigid hairs ; stems usually clustered, erect, simple, or 
branched above, stout, 1-2 ft. high; leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 
sessile, the lower often scale-like ; flowers in leafy, terminal racemes ; 
calyx lobes linear ; corolla salver-form, orange-yellow, the tube } in. 
long, twice the length of the calyx, hairy within, the lobes rounded, 
spreading, the throat crested ; nutlets white, shining, ovoid. April- 
May. In dry pine barrens. 

V. ONOSMODIUM. 

Perennial, hispid herbs ; stems stout ; leaves alternate, 
entire, prominently veined ; flowers greenish-white, on a 
terminal bracted spike or raceme ; calyx 5-parted, lobes lin- 
ear ; corolla tubular, the 5 short, acute lobes connivent, tube 
10-toothed within ; stamens included, nearly sessile ; style 
filiform, exserted, ovules 4 ; nutlets often only 1 or 2, white, 
ovoid, smooth and shining, or pitted. 

1. O. Carolinianum (Lam.) DC. Carolina Gromwell. 

Stem stout, erect, branching, rough with rigid white hairs, 2-4 ft. 
high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong, acute at the apex, sessile, 
5-9-ribbed ; flowers pediceled, yellowish-white ; calyx about half the 
length of the corolla, which is pubescent on the outside ; nutlets dull 



DICOTYLEDONS. 199 

white, about half the length of the calyx. May-June. In dry fields 
and thickets. 

2. O. Virginianum (L.) DC. Virginia Gromwell. Stem 
erect, slender, sparingly branched above, rough with bristly hairs, 
1-2 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, obtuse at the apex, 
sessile ; corolla yellowish-white, tubular, the lobes acute, nearly as 
long as the tube, bristly ; nutlets white, shining, ovoid. May-June. 
In dry fields and w r oods. 



109. VERBENACEjE. VERBENA FAMILY. 

Herbs or shrubs ; stems 4-angled ; leaves simple or com- 
pound, exstipulate ; flowers perfect, terminal or axillary, in 
spikes, racemes or panicles; calyx 4-5-parted, persistent; 
corolla regular or 2-lipped, 4-5-lobed; stamens 2, 4, or 5, in- 
serted in the tube of the corolla; ovary free, 2-8-celled, 1 
or 2 ovules in each cell, style simple, terminal ; fruit dry 
and separating into several 1-seeded nutlets, or baccate. 

I. VERBENA. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves simple, opposite, ser- 
rate or pinnately lobed; flowers in terminal spikes which 
become much elongated in fruit ; calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 
5-toothed ; corolla salver-form or funnel-form, the tube often 
curved, bearded in the throat, limb spreading, 5-lobed, often 
somewhat 2-lipped ; stamens 4, didynamous, rarely only 2, 
included; ovary 2-4-celled, 2-4-0 vuled, style slender, 2-lobed; 
fruit 2-4 smooth or roughened, 1-seeded nutlets. 

1. V. officinalis L. European Vervain. Annual; stem 
erect, slender, nearly or quite smooth, branching, 1-3 ft. high; leaves 
ovate to obovate in outline, pinnately lobed or divided, narrowed 
and entire toward the base, pubescent beneath ; petioles margined ; 
spikes several, very slender ; flowers small, purple, bracts shorter than 
the calyx. June-September. In fields and waste places ; introduced 
from Europe. 

2. V. angustifolia Michx. Narrow-leaved Vervain. Per- 
ennial, rough-hairy ; stem simple, or branched below, from a creep- 
ing base, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate to spatulate, obtuse and 
toothed at the apex, tapering to a sessile base ; spike peduncled, 



200 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

slender, close-flowered ; bracts about the length of the calyx ; corolla 
purple, tube slightly curved, J in. long. June-September. In dry, 
open woods. 

3. V. Canadensis (L.) Britt. Wild Verbena. Perennial ; 
stem widely branched, diffuse, creeping at the base, pubescent, 6-15 
in. long ; leaves mostly 3-lobed or parted, the divisions irregularly 
cut and toothed, the base cuneate ; petiole margined ; spikes termi- 
nal, long-peduncled, at first capitate, becoming much elongated ; 
bracts slender, shorter than the unequal, subulate calyx teeth ; corolla 
showy, purple, ^— | in. broad, the lobes emarginate. April-July. 
On dry soil. 

II. LIPPIA. 

Perennial herbs; stems rooting at the joints; leaves sim- 
ple, opposite or whorled ; flowers in long-peduncled axillary 
and terminal spikes or heads ; calyx small, 2-4-toothed ; 
corolla tube straight or curved, the limb somew r hat bilabiate, 
oblique; stamens 4, didynamous; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, 
style short, stigma oblique ; fruit 2 nutlets, each 1-seeded. 

1. L. lanceolata Michx. Fog-fruit. Stems slender, weak, 
decumbent or ascending, smooth or slightly pubescent, 1-2 ft. long ; 
leaves elliptical, acute and coarsely serrate above, the low T er part of 
the leaf entire and narrowed to the short petiole or sessile base ; 
peduncles slender, longer than the leaves ; heads globose, becoming 
elongated, bracts acute ; corolla pale blue, as long as the calyx. 
May- July. In damp places. 

2. L. nodiflora (L.) Michx. Stem creeping or ascending, 
slightly pubescent, 6-18 in. long; leaves spatulate to obovate, coarsely 
toothed above, cuneate and entire below^, rough ; peduncles 2-4 times 
as long as the leaves ; heads globose, becoming elongated ; flowers 
white or purple ; corolla about double the length of the calyx. May- 
September. In wet places. 

III. CALLICARPA. 

Shrubs ; leaves simple, petioled, opposite or w r horled, glan- 
dular-dotted ; flowers in axillary cymes ; calyx 4-toothed or 
entire; corolla funnel-form, 4-cleft, regular; stamens 4, equal, 
exserted ; ovary -4-ovuled, style slender, stigma capitate ; fruit 
a 1-4-seeded berry. 

C. Americana L. French Mulberry. Shrubs, with stellate, 
glandular or scurfy pubescence, widely branched, 3-8 ft. high ; leaves 



DICOTYLEDONS. 201 

ovate to oblong, acute at each end, crenate-serrate, rough above, 
pubescent beneath, glandular-dotted ; petioles slender ; cymes many- 
flowered, the peduncle as long as the petiole, pedicels short ; calyx 
cup-shaped, the teeth short ; corolla double the length of the calyx, 
blue ; fruit violet-purple, very conspicuous in autumn. May-July. 
Common in fields and thickets. 

IV. VITEX. 

Shrubs ; leaves palmately compound ; flowers in panicled 
spikes ; calyx short, 5-toothed ; corolla cup-shaped, 5-lobed, 
somewhat bilabiate ; stamens 4, unequal, exserted ; ovary 
4-celled, style slender ; fruit a drupe. 

Y. Agnus-castus L. Chaste tree. Shrub, widely branched, 
4-8 ft. high ; leaflets 5-7, lanceolate, acute at each end, entire ; 
spikes in terminal panicles, hoary-pubescent ; flowers purple ; corolla 
tube strongly curved ; fruit a 1-seeded drupe or berry. April-June. 
Common in cultivation. 



110. LABIATE. MINT FAMILY. 

Herbs or shrubs, mostly aromatic ; stems 4-angled ; leaves 
opposite, simple, exstipulate ; flowers perfect, more or less 
2-lipped, axillary or terminal, often in dense whorls, some- 
times solitary ; calyx persistent, regular or 2-lipped, usually 
5-toothed, often prominently striate ; corolla bilabiate or 
rarely regular, limb 4-5-lobed, upper lip usually 2-lobed, the 
lower 3-lobed ; stamens 2 or 4, inserted in the corolla tube ; 
ovary free, 4-lobed, 4-ovuled, the slender style 2-lobed ; fruit 
4 nutlets, each 1-seeded. 

I. TEUCRIUM. 

Perennial herbs ; stems erect ; leaves entire or toothed ; 
flowers in terminal spikes or axillary whorls ; calyx tubular, 
unequally 5-toothed, 10-nerved ; corolla tube short, limb 
5-lobed, the 4 upper lobes short, the lower larger, oblong, 
concave ; stamens 4, didynamous, exserted between the 2 
uppermost lobes of the corolla, the lower pair longer ; style 
2-cleft ; nutlets rugose. 



202 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

T. Canadense L. Germander. Stem erect, simple or branched, 
tomentose, 1^-3 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute at the 
apex, short-petioled, serrate, pubescent above, white-hoary beneath ; 
flowers in dense hoary spikes which finally become much elongated 
in fruit, flower clusters usually alternate, bracted ; calyx bell-shaped, 
pubescent, the 3 upper teeth short ; corolla purplish, about J in. 
long. June-September. On low ground. 



II. TRICHOSTEMA. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; stems erect, branching ; leaves 
entire ; flowers in loose panicles or cymes ; calyx short, the 
3 lower teeth long, connate, the 2 upper short ; corolla slen- 
der, the limb deeply 5-cleft ; stamens 4, didynamous, long- 
exserted, filaments coiled ; ovary deeply 4-lobed ; nutlets 
pitted, united at the base. 

T. dichotomum L. Blue Curls. Stem erect, slender, widely 
branched, viscid-pubescent or nearly smooth, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves 
lanceolate to oblong, short-petioled, the upper small and bract-like ; 
flowers in a spreading panicle, often 3 together ; corolla blue to 
white, declined ; stamens blue, very long. June-September. On 
dry soil. 

III. SCUTELLARIA. 

Perennial herbs with bitter juice ; flowers in spike-like 
racemes or solitary in the axils; calyx 2-lipped, the lips 
entire, the upper with a prominent helmet-shaped protuber- 
ance on the back, deciduous, the lower persistent; corolla 
tube recurved-ascending, dilated at the throat, limb 2-lipped, 
the upper lip arched, entire or notched at the apex, middle 
lobe of the lower lip much the longest, spreading; stamens 
4, didynamous, the upper pair shorter, anthers ciliate ; ovary 
deeply 4-parted, style unequally 2-cleft ; nutlets roughened. 

S. cordifolia Muhl. Heart-leaved Skullcap. Stem slen- 
der, erect, simple or branched, pubescent, 6-18 in. high; lower 
leaves long-petioled, cordate or ovate, often crenate, the upper sessile, 
linear or elliptical, entire, pubescent ; racemes mostly solitary, bracts 
longer than the pedicels ; flowers blue and white, about 1 in. long, 
the lips nearly equal. June-August. On dry soil. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 203 



IV. GLECOMA. 



Perennial herbs ; stems creeping, widely branched, ascend- 
ing at the apex ; leaves petioled, orbicular to reniform ; 
flowers in axillary clusters ; calyx tubular, oblique, equally 
5-toothed; corolla tube enlarged above, upper lip 2-lobed, 
the lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe longer, emarginate ; sta- 
mens 4, didynamous, included ; nutlets smooth. 

G. hederacea L. Ground Ivy. Stems pubescent, 6-18 in. 
long ; leaves round-cordate, crenate, long-petioled ; axillary clusters 
few-flowered ; calyx pubescent, the teeth short ; corolla blue or vio- 
let, at least twice the length of the calyx. March-May. On low 
ground near dwellings. 

V. SALVIA. 

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, or sometimes shrubby ; 
'flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles, usually showy; calyx 
tubular or bell-shaped, not bearded in the throat, 2-lipped, 
the upper lip entire or 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft; corolla 
2-lipped, the upper lip entire or notched, the lower spread- 
ing, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe longer ; stamens 2, short, 
anthers 2-celled, the upper cell fertile, the lower abortive ; 
style 2-cleft; nutlets smooth. 

1. S. lyrata L. Lyre-leaved Salvia. Biennial or peren- 
nial ; stem erect, sparingly branched above, hirsute, 1-2 ft. high ; 
leaves mostly basal, spreading, lyrate-pinnatifid, usually purple, stem 
leaves small, sessile or short-petioled ; racemes many-flowered, whorls 
about 6-flowered ; calyx teeth short on the upper lip, long and subu- 
late on the lower; corolla blue or purple, the tube about 1 in. long, 
dilated upward. April-May. On dry soil. 

2. S. officinalis L. Garden Sage. Stem shrubby, slender, 
much branched below, 1 ft. high ; leaves grayish-green, lance-oblong, 
crenate, rugose ; flowers in terminal spikes, whorls several-flowered ; 
corolla blue, upper lip strongly arched, about equaling the lower. 
June-August. Introduced from Europe and a common garden herb. 

3. S. splendens Sell. Scarlet Sage. Annual ; stem erect, 
smooth, widely branched, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves long-petioled, ovate, 
acute at the apex, narrowed or truncate at the base, crenate ; flowers 
in slender terminal spikes ; calyx about 1 in. long, corolla twice as 
long, both bright scarlet. June-October. Introduced from Brazil 
and common in cultivation. 



204 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



VI. MONARDA. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; stem usually tall ; leaves den- 
tate or serrate ; whorls capitate and axillary, dense-flowered ; 
calyx tubular, bearded in the throat, nearly equally 5-toothed ; 
corolla nearly equally 2-lipped, the upper lip entire or ernar- 
ginate, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed; perfect stamens 2, ex- 
serted, abortive stamens 2 ; nutlets smooth. 

1. M. fistulosa L. Wild Bergamot. Perennial, aromatic; 
stem erect, slender, branched, pubescent, 2-4 ft. high; leaves ovate 
to lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, sharply 
serrate, petioled ; whorls terminal, subtended by several conspicuous 
white or pale purple bracts ; calyx curved, densely hairy in the throat, 
teeth subulate ; corolla pink to purple, slender, li in. long, upper lip 
pubescent, entire. June-September. Dry hills and woods. 

2. M. punctata L. Horse Mint. Perennial ; stem stout, 
pubescent, much branched, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate to oblong, 
acute at each end, slightly serrate, short-petioled ; whorls axillary 
and terminal, bracts ovate to oblong, purplish ; calyx slightly hairy 
in the throat, teeth acute ; corolla yellowish, 1 in. long, the upper 
lip pubescent, notched, the lower spotted with brown or purple. 
June-October. On dry soil. 



111. SOLANACEjE. POTATO FAMILY. 

Herbs or shrubs; juice often narcotic-poisonous; leaves 
alternate, exstipulate ; flowers perfect, regular, axillary and 
solitary, or cymose ; calyx usually 5-toothed or 5-cleft, per- 
sistent, often becoming much enlarged in fruit ; corolla 5-10- 
lobed, rotate to salver-form or tubular, the lobes often folded 
and convolute in the bud ; stamens inserted in the tube of 
the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; ovary 2-5-celled, 
style and stigma single ; fruit a 2-5-celled, many-seeded cap- 
sule or berry. 

I. PHYSALIS. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; stems diffusely branched ; 
leaves petioled, entire or toothed; flowers axillary, solitary, 
nodding; calyx 5-toothed, becoming 5-angled, much enlarged 



DICOTYLEDONS. 205 

and enclosing the fruit ; corolla canipanulate, plaited, 5-lobed 
or 5-angled, yellowish, usually with a dark brown or purple 
center ; stamens shorter than the corolla and inserted in its 
tube ; ovary 2-celled, style slender, stigma obtuse, 2-lobed ; 
fruit a juicy, many-seeded berry, enclosed in the membra- 
naceous and reticulated calyx. 

1. P. pubescens L. Hairy Ground Cherry. Annual; stem 
diffusely branched, 4-angled, with one side rounded, often swollen at 
the nodes, tomentose or villous with viscid hairs, or sometimes nearly 
smooth, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves long-petioled, ovate, acuminate at the 
apex, rounded or slightly cordate and uneven at the base, wavy- 
margined or entire, pubescent ; calyx short in flower, with the teeth 
longer than the tube, becoming about 1 in. long in fruit, ovoid, 
refuse and sharply 5-angled at the base ; corolla about i in. wide, 
bright yellow with a brown center ; filaments hairy, anthers pur- 
plish ; berry yellow or greenish. June-October. Common in waste 
places. 

2. P. angulata L. Wild Ground Cherry. Annual ; smooth 
throughout ; stem sharply 4-angled, erect or decumbent, 1-4 ft. long ; 
leaves ovate, acute at the apex, obtuse or truncate and uneven at the 
base, sharply toothed, long-petioled; calyx lobes about as long as 
the tube in flower, fruiting calyx ovoid, 10-angled, reticulated with 
purple veins ; corolla small, yellow ; anthers purple ; berry yellow, 
nearly as large as the calyx. June-August. 

3. P. viscosa L. Sticky Ground Cherry. Perennial from 
a slender rootstock ; stem at first erect, becoming diffuse and decum- 
bent, angled, viscid-pubescent, 8-20 in. long ; leaves ovate and irregu- 
lar in outline, acute or obtuse at the apex, mostly rounded below, 
angular-toothed or entire, pubescence stellate, petiole J-l in. long ; 
peduncles longer than the petioles ; flowering calyx with lobes shorter 
than the tube, pubescent, fruiting calyx ovoid, 5-angled, truncate or 
slightly sunken at the base ; corolla greenish-yellow, with a dark 
throat, about f in. wide, obscurely lobed ; anthers yellow ; berry vis- 
cid, yellow or orange. June-October. On sandy soil. 



II. SOLANUM. 

Herbs or shrubs ; stems often prickly, sometimes climbing ; 
leaves alternate, often nearly or quite opposite ; flowers clus- 
tered, the peduncles often opposite or above the axils ; calyx 
spreading, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, persistent; corolla rotate, 
5-lobed ; stamens 5, exserted, the filaments very short, the 



206 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

anthers long and connivent about the style ; ovary 2-celled, 
style slender ; fruit a many-seeded, juicy berry. 

1. S. nigrum L. Nightshade. Annual; stem smooth, or pubes- 
cent with simple hairs, erect, diffusely branched ; branches wing- 
angled, 1-3 ft. high ; leaves ovate, irregularly toothed or entire, 
somew T hat inequilateral, petioled ; flowers in lateral, peduncled um- 
bels, small, white, drooping ; calyx lobes obtuse ; corolla i-i in. 
w T ide ; filaments pubescent ; berries globose, smooth, black when ripe. 
June-September. Common in cultivated fields and waste places; 
poisonous. 

2. S. Carolinense L. Horse Nettle. Perennial; stem erect, 
branched, pubescent with stellate hairs, armed with straight, yellow 
prickles, 1-3 ft. high ; leaves ovate-oblong, deeply toothed or lobed, 
acute at the apex, abruptly contracted to the short petiole, prickly 
on the veins ; racemes lateral, few-flowered ; pedicels recurved in 
fruit ; calyx lobes acuminate ; corolla deeply angular-lobed, blue or 
white ; berry globose, smooth, yellow. May-September. A common 
weed. 

3. S. rostratum Dunal. Sand Bur. Annual; the whole plant 
beset with yellow prickles ; stem erect, diffusely branched, 1-2 ft. 
high ; leaves broadly oval or ovate in outline, deeply pinnately lobed 
or parted, petioled, pubescent with stellate hairs ; racemes few-flow- 
ered ; pedicels erect in fruit ; calyx very prickly, becoming enlarged 
and enclosing the fruit ; corolla bright yellow, 5-angled, about 1 in. 
broad. May-September. Introduced from the west, and becoming 
a troublesome weed in some places. 

4. S. tuberosum L. Irish Potato. Annual; stem diffusely 
branched, pubescent, underground branches numerous and tuber- 
bearing ; leaves irregularly pinnatifid and divided ; flowers in cymose 
clusters, white or purple, with prominent yellow anthers; pedicels 
jointed ; corolla 5-angied, f-1 in. broad ; fruit a globose, greenish- 
yellow, many-seeded berry, about i in. in diameter. March-October. 
Cultivated. 

III. LYCOPERSICON. 

Annual ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves pinnately divided ; 
flowers in raceme-like clusters on peduncles opposite the 
leaves ; calyx 5-many-parted, persistent ; corolla rotate, 5-6- 
parted ; stamens 5-6, inserted in the short tube of the corolla, 
filaments short, anthers elongated, connivent ; ovary 2-sev- 
eral-celled, style and stigma simple ; fruit a many-seeded 
berry. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 207 

L. Lycopersicon (L.) Karst. Tomato. Stem diffusely branched 
and becoming decumbent, furrowed and angled below, viscid-pubes- 
cent, 3-5 ft. long ; leaves irregularly lobed and pinnatifid, petioled ; 
calyx lobes linear, about as long as the yellow corolla ; fruit (in the 
wild state) globose or ovoid, red or yellow, \-\ in. in diameter, but 
greatly enlarged in cultivation. May-September. Common in cul- 
tivation and often spontaneous. 

IV. LYCIUM. 

Shrubs or woody vines, often spiny ; leaves entire, alter- 
nate, often fascicled ; flowers solitary or clustered, terminal 
or axillary ; calyx persistent, 4-5-lobed or toothed, not en- 
larged in fruit ; corolla funnel-form or campanulate, the limb 
4-o-lobed, the lobes obtuse ; stamens 4-5, exserted ; ovary 
2-celled, style single, stigma obtuse ; fruit a many-seeded 
berry. 

L. vulgare (Ait.) Dunal. Matrimony Vine. Stem slender, 
branching, twining or trailing, 6-15 ft. long; branches angled, 
spiny ; leaves elliptical, smooth, entire, sessile or short-petioled ; flow- 
ers solitary or few in the axils ; peduncles long and slender ; corolla 
spreading, greenish-purple, \-± in. wide ; berry oval, orange-red. 
April-July. Introduced from Africa, and often planted for covering 
trellises. 

V. DATURA. 

Annual or perennial, strong-scented herbs ; stems tall and 
branching ; leaves petioled, entire or lobed ; flowers large, 
solitary in the forks of the branches ; calyx tubular, 5-toothed 
or lobed, the upper part deciduous, the lower persistent ; 
corolla funnel-form, 5-angled, plaited, convolute in the bud ; 
stamens 5, inserted in the corolla tube; ovary 2-celled or 
imperfectly 4-celled, style filiform, stigma 2-lobed ; fruit a 
spiny, 4-valved, many-seeded capsule. 

1. D. Stramonium L. Jimson-weed. Annual; stem smooth, 
green, stout, forking above, 1-4 ft. high ; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, 
acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, sinuate-toothed, petioled; 
calyx 5-angled ; corolla white, about 4 in. long ; capsule ovoid, erect, 
2 in. long. May-October. A common weed ; poisonous. 

2. D. Tatula L. Purple Jimson-w t eed. Annual; stem erect, 
rather slender, slightly pubescent, purplish, 2-5 ft. high ; leaves 



208 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

petioled, sinuate-toothed, often truncate or cordate at the base ; flow- 
ers purplish ; very similar to the preceding species. May-October. 
Common and poisonous. 

3. D. Metel L. Thorn-apple. Annual; stem erect, stout, 
branching, glandular-pubescent, 3-6 ft. high ; leaves ovate, acute at 
the apex, rounded or truncate at the base, entire or slightly toothed ; 
calyx not angled, about .3 in. long ; corolla white, 10-toothed, 6-7 
in. long ; capsule globose, nodding. June-September. Introduced 
from South America. 



112. SCROPHULARIACEJE. FIGWORT FAMILY. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees ; leaves simple, opposite or alternate, 
exstipulate ; flowers perfect, mostly complete, irregular ; calyx 
4-5-toothed, persistent ; corolla tubular, withering-persistent, 
often bilabiate, the upper lip 2-lobed or entire, the lower 
3-lobed ; stamens 2-4, rarely 5, inserted on the tube of the 
corolla and alternate with its lobes ; ovary free, 2-celled, 
with axial placentae, style slender, curved, stigma thick, 
2-lobed ; fruit *a 2-celled, many-seeded capsule. 

Corolla rotate I. Verbascum. 

Corolla tubular, saccate at the base . . . III. Antirrhinum. 

Corolla tubular, spurred at the base ... II. Linaria. 
Corolla tabular or campanulate, not spurred or saccate. 

Stamens 2 VIII. Leptandra. 

Stamens 4. 

Corolla bilabiate. 

Sterile filament as long as the fertile stamens V. Pentstemon. 
Sterile filament shorter than the fertile stamens IV. Chelone. 

Sterile filament wanting .... VII. Mimulus. 
Corolla irregular, but not bilabiate. 

Trees VI. Paulownia. 

Herbs. 

Flowers pink, purple or white . . X. Gerardia. 

Flowers yellow IX. Dasystoma. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 209 



I. VERBASCUM. 

Biennial ; stem slender, erect ; leaves alternate ; flowers in 
spikes, racemes or panicles ; calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla 
rotate, 5-lobed, the lobes nearly equal ; stamens 5, unequal, 
declined, some or all of the filaments bearded; style flat- 
tened at the apex ; fruit a globose capsule, seeds roughened. 

V. Blattaria L. Moth Mullein. Stem erect, slender, simple 
or sparingly branched, smooth below, pubescent above, 2-4 ft. high ; 
leaves oblong to lanceolate, acute at the apex, obtuse or truncate at 
the base, dentate to pinnately lobed, the lower petioled, the upper 
sessile and clasping ; raceme long and loose, glandular-pubescent, 
pedicels bracted ; corolla white or yellow, marked with brown on 
the back, about 1 in. wide ; filaments all bearded with purple hairs ; 
capsule longer than the calyx. April-July. Common in fields and 
waste places ; naturalized from Europe. 



II. LINARIA. 

Annual, biennial or perennial ; leaves mostly alternate on 
the flowering stems, often opposite or whorled at the base 
and on sterile stems, entire, dentate or lobed; flowers in 
bracted spikes or racemes ; calyx 5-parted ; corolla spurred 
at the base, upper lip erect, emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower 
lip spreading, 3-lobed, the throat nearly closed by a promi- 
nent palate ; stamens 4, didynamous, included ; fruit a glo- 
bose capsule opening at the base. 

L. Canadensis (L.) Dumont. Toad-flax. Biennial ; flower- 
ing stems erect, slender, rarely branched, smooth, 1-2 ft. high, sterile 
stems prostrate, with opposite or whorled leaves, 2-6 in. long ; leaves 
linear, entire, sessile ; racemes erect, slender ; pedicels erect, as long 
as the calyx ; corolla small, blue and white, the spur filiform, curved, 
longer than the pedicels ; capsule 2-valved, the valves 3-toothed. 
April-May. On dry or cultivated ground. 



III. ANTIRRHINUM. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves alternate or sometimes 
opposite on sterile shoots ; flowers axillary or in terminal 
racemes ; calyx 5-parted ; corolla saccate at the base, the 



210 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

upper lip erect, 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, the 
prominent palate nearly closing the throat ; stamens 4, didyn- 
amous, included ; style filiform, its base often persistent ; 
capsule globose to oblong, seeds smooth or roughened. 

A. majus L. Snapdragon. Perennial ; stem erect, smooth 
below, glandular-pubescent above, 1-2 ft. high; leaves linear to 
oblong-lanceolate, entire, smooth, sometimes fleshy, sessile or short- 
petioled ; flowers in a terminal raceme ; pedicels short, stout, erect 
in fruit ; corolla 1^-2 in. long, of many colors ; capsule oblique, the 
persistent base of the style bent forward. May-September. Com- 
mon in gardens and often escaped. 

IV. CHELONE. 

Perennial herbs ; stem smooth ; leaves opposite, serrate, 
petioled ; flowers large, in dense, bracted spikes ; calyx 
5-parted ; corolla white or purple, inflated-tubular, the upper 
lip concave, emarginate, the lower spreading, woolly within, 
the middle lobe often shorter ; stamens 5, one of them small 
and sterile, the anthers didyhamous, filaments and anthers 
woolly ; seeds broadly winged. 

C. glabra L. Snake-head. Stem erect, simple or branched, 
4-sided, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, short-petioled, 
serrate, sometimes pubescent beneath ; spike terminal, short, simple 
or branched, nearly sessile ; bracts ovate ; corolla white or pink, 
1-1 J in. long. June-September. Along streams. 



V. PENTSTEMON. 

Perennial ; stem erect, rarely branched ; leaves opposite, 
or the upper sometimes alternate ; flowers white or purple, 
in terminal cymes or panicles ; calyx 5-parted ; corolla tube 
enlarged or inflated above, upper lip concave, emarginate or 
2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed ; stamens 5, included, declined at 
the base, 4 of the stamens anther-bearing and didynamous, 
the other sterile and usually bearded ; style slender ; capsule 
2-valved, seeds wingless. 

1. P. hirsutus (L.) Willd. Hairy Beard-tongue. Stem erect, 
slender, pubescent, 18-24 in. high ; lower leaves ovate to ovate- 
lanceolate, long-petioled, the middle leaves oblanceolate, tapering to 



DICOTYLEDONS. 211 

the base, the upper leaves lanceolate, sessile and clasping, all dentate 
or serrate, smooth or slightly pubescent ; cymes loose, few-flowered, 
glandular-pubescent ; pedicels short ; corolla tube about 1 in. long, 
dilated above, *2-grooved below, the throat with a densely bearded 
palate ; sterile filament densely bearded above. May-July. In 
open, dry woods. 

2. P. caxescexs Britt. Gray Beard-tongue. Stem erect, 
stout, pubescent, often several from the same root, 2-3 ft. high; 
lower leaves oval, the long petiole margined, upper leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, sessile, all denticulate, slightly pubescent ; cymes loose, 
pedicels short ; corolla tube white to purple, about 1 in. long, throat 
smooth or slightly bearded ; sterile stamen slightly bearded near 
the apex. May-July. In dry, open woods. 



VI. PAULOWNIA. 

A tree having much the appearance of Catalpa ; leaves 
opposite, long-petioled, entire or 3-lobed; flowers purple or 
violet, in large terminal panicles ; calyx short, 5-cleft ; corolla 
with a long tube which is spreading above, lobes spreading, 
nearly equal ; stamens 4, included, didynamous ; style slen- 
der ; fruit a dehiscent, ovoid capsule, seeds winged and 
striate. 

P. tomentosa (Thuiib.) Britt. Paulo wnia. A tree with gray 
bark and a rounded top ; leaves ovate to 3-lobed, pubescent, 6-10 in. 
wide; flowers 2-3 in. long, in spreading panicles 2-3 ft. long; pedi- 
cels stout, tomentose ; capsule coriaceous, dehiscent. April-May. 
Introduced from Japan. The panicles with the large flower buds 
are developed from September to November and are conspicuous 
during the winter months. 

VII. MIMULUS. 

Perennial ; stem erect or decumbent ; leaves opposite ; 
flowers axillary and solitary, mostly yellow or purple ; calyx 
tubular, 5-angled, 5-toothecl ; corolla tube with 2 ridges within 
on the lower side, upper lip erect or reflexed, lower lip spread- 
ing ; stamens 4, didynamous ; style slender, 2-lobed ; capsule 
2-valved, many-seeded. 

1. M. rixgens L. Square-stemmed Monkey Flow^er. Stem 
4-angled, erect, branched, smooth, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate to 



212 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

oblong, serrate, sessile or clasping at the base ; peduncles slender, 
longer than the flowers ; corolla violet, about 1 in. long, lower lip 
puberulent within. June-September. Along streams and in wet 
places. 

2. M. alatus Soland. Sharp-winged Monkey Flower. Stem 
square, wing-angled, erect, smooth, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves ovate to 
oblong, acuminate, serrate, short-petioled ; peduncles shorter than 
the flowers ; calyx teeth short ; corolla violet, about 1 in. long. 
June-August. In swamps and wet places. 



VIII. LEPTANDRA. 

Perennial herbs ; steins tall, stout ; leaves opposite or ver- 
ticillate ; flowers in dense terminal or axillary peduncled 
spikes ; calyx small, 4-parted ; corolla tubular, 4-lobed, the 
lobes nearly equal ; stamens 2, long-exserted ; style long and 
slender, stigma capitate ; capsule ovoid, 4-valved, seeds 
reticulated. 

L. Virginica (L.) Xutt. Culver's Root. Stem erect, smooth 
or slightly pubescent, simple or with few branches above, 2-5 ft. 
high ; leaves 3-7 in a whorl, lanceolate to oblong, acuminate at the 
apex, sharply serrate, smooth or sometimes pubescent beneath, short- 
petioled; spikes solitary or several ; flowers bracted, small, white or 
purplish ; stamens nearly twice the length of the corolla ; capsule 
twice the length of the calyx. June-August. In meadows and 
open woods. 

IX. DASYSTOMA. 

Coarse annual or perennial herbs ; leaves opposite ; flowers 
yellow, in terminal leafy racemes or panicles ; calyx bell- 
shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes often toothed ; corolla tubular-bell- 
shaped, woolly within, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, slightly 
irregular ; stamens 4, included, didynamous, woolly, anthers 
awned at the base ; style filiform, thickened at the apex ; 
fruit an ovate, 2-valved capsule. 

1. D. flava (L.) Wood. Downy False Foxglove. Peren- 
nial ; stem erect, downy, mostly simple, 2-4 ft. high ; leaves lanceo- 
late to oblong, the lower pinnately lobed or pinnatifid, short-petioled, 
the upper nearly entire and sessile ; pedicels stout ; calyx lobes entire ; 
corolla 1J in. long, smooth ; capsule pubescent, twice the length of 
the calyx. June-September, In dry woods. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 213 

2. D. Virginica (L.) Britt. Smooth False Foxglove. Per- 
ennial ; stem erect, branched, smooth and glaucous, 3-6 ft. high ; 
leaves petioled, the lower twice piunatifid, the others incised and 
cut, or the upper lanceolate and entire ; calyx shorter than the pedi- 
cels, the lobes as long as the tube; corolla about 2 in. long, the 
tube rather slender ; capsule oval, smooth, twice the length of the 
calyx. June-September. In rich woods. 



X. GERARDIA. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; mostly blackening in drying ; 
leaves opposite or rarely alternate, narrow and entire ; flow- 
ers usually showy, in the axils of the upper leaves; calyx 
campanulate, 5-toothed ; corolla funnel-form or tubular-bell- 
shaped, 5-lobed, the throat oblique ; stamens 4, included, 
didynamous, the longer filaments and anthers woolly ; style 
slender, flattened and dilated above ; capsule globose ; seeds 
angled. Mostly flowering late in the season. 

1. G. linifolia Xutt. Flax-leaved Gerardia. Perennial; 
stem very slender, erect, branched, smooth, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves 
erect, narrowly linear, the upper bract-like ; peduncles about as long 
as the leaves ; calyx truncate, with minute teeth ; corolla purple, 
about 1 in. long, the lobes nearly equal, rounded, fringed ; filaments 
villous ; capsule globose, longer than the calyx. August-September. 
Dry pine barrens. 

2. G. purpurea L. Purple Gerardia. Annual ; stem erect, 
slender, smooth or slightly rough, branched above, 1-3 ft. high ; leaves 
linear, spreading, rough ; pedicels stout, as long as the calyx ; corolla 
purple to white, about 1 in. long and wide, the lobes minutely 
fringed, pubescent within ; capsule longer than the calyx. August- 
September. On low ground. 



113. LENTIBULACEJE. BLADDERWORT FAMILY. 

Annual or perennial herbs growing in water or in muddy 
places ; leaves in a rosulate basal tuft and entire, or floating 
and dissected ; scapes erect ; flowers perfect, irregular, soli- 
tary or racemed ; pedicels bracted ; calyx 2-lipped, 2-5-lobed 
or parted; corolla 2-lipped, spurred at the base, upper lip 
erect, entire or 2-lobed, lower lip spreading or reflexed, 3-lobed, 



214 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

throat with a prominent palate ; stamens 2, included ; ovary- 
free, 1-celled, ovoid, style short, stigma 2-lobed ; fruit a 
globose, many-seeded capsule, seeds roughened. 

I. UTRICULARIA. 

Annual or perennial ; floating in still water by means of 
numerous small air bladders attached to the finely dissected 
leaves, or growing in wet soil with entire leaves and few or 
no air bladders ; scapes 1-many-flowered ; calyx lips entire; 
corolla with the upper lip entire, the lower larger and 3-lobed, 
the throat usually bearded within and nearly closed by the 
palate. 

1. U. cornuta Michx. Horxed Bladderwort. Acaulescent; 
leaves linear and entire or none ; air bladders few or none ; scape 
erect, stout, 2-5-flowered, 8-12 in. high ; flowers yellow, fragrant, 
| in. wide; pedicel as long as the calyx; the lips of the corolla obo- 
vate, unequal, the lower longer, abruptly pointed, the sides reflexed, 
as long as the horn-shaped, curved spur, throat bearded ; seeds 
minutely pitted. May-August. In swamps and muddy places. 

2. U. subulata L. Small Bladderwort. Scape filiform, 
2-6 in. high ; leaves few and setaceous or none ; air bladders few or 
none; racemes zigzag, 1-6-flowered; pedicels much longer than the 
calyx ; corolla yellow, ^ in. wide, the lower lip 3-lobed, longer than 
the appressed, conical, green-pointed spur. February-May. Wet, 
sandy soil. 

3. U. inflata Walt. Swollen Bladderwort. Perennial ; 
stem very slender, floating ; lower leaves scattered, finely dissected, 
upper leaves whorled, finely dissected ; the petioles dilated upward 
and inflated, air bladders very numerous ; scape stout, 6-12 in. high, 
3-10-flowered; corolla yellow, about f in. wide, upper lip ovate, 
slightly lobed, lower lip 3-lobed, twice the length of the curved, 
emarginate spur ; fruit nodding. March-June. In ponds and still 
water. 

II. PINGUICULA. 

Perennial, acaulescent herbs ; leaves in a rosulate, basal 
cluster, entire, margins involute, surface covered with a sticky 
secretion ; scapes naked, circinate, 1 -flowered ; calyx 2-lipped, 
the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed ; corolla 2-lipped, the 



DICOTYLEDONS. 215 

upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed and saccate or spurred at 
the base, palate hairy ; capsule 2- or 4-valved. 

1. P. lutea Walt. Yellow Marsh Violet. Leaves viscid- 
pubescent, yellowish-green, oblong-obovate, acute, coarsely cellular 
and very watery; scape 6-12 in. high; flower 1-1^ in. wide, bright 
yellow, nodding ; spur slender, half the length of the rounded lobes 
of the corolla. February- April. Marshes in pine barrens. 

2. P. elatior Michx. Purple Marsh Violet. Leaves ovate 
to spatulate, acute, coarsely cellular and watery, clammy-pubescent ; 
scape villous near the base, slender, 8-12 in. high ; calyx glandular ; 
corolla purple or blue, 1 in. wide, the rounded lobes very unequal, 
the spur obtuse. March- April. Wet, sandy soil. 



114. BIGNONIACE^E. BTGNONIA FAMILY. 

Trees, shrubs or woody vines ; leaves simple or compound, 
opposite or alternate, exstipulate ; flowers showy, in termi- 
nal or axillary clusters, perfect, somewhat irregular ; calyx 
2-lipped and 5-lobed, or truncate and entire ; corolla funnel- 
form or tubular, 2-lipped, 5-lobed ; stamens 2 or 4 and didyn- 
amous, inserted in the tube of the corolla ; ovary 2-celled, 
many-ovuled, style slender, stigma 2-lobed ; fruit a 2-valved, 
2- or 4-celled, many-seeded capsule. 

I. BIGNONIA. 

Woody vines; leaves opposite, compound, usually tendril- 
bearing ; flowers large, in axillary clusters ; calyx cup-shaped, 
truncate or undulate-toothed ; corolla spreading-tubular, some- 
what 2-lipped, the lobes rounded ; stamens 4, didynamous ; 
capsule linear, flattened parallel with the partition, the 2 
valves separating from the partition at maturity ; seeds flat, 
broadly winged. 

B. crucigera L. Cross-vine. Stem climbing high, a trans- 
verse section of the older stems showing a conspicuous cross formed 
by the 4 medullary rays ; branches glabrous ; leaves evergreen, 
petioled ; leaflets 2, ovate, acuminate with a blunt apex, cordate at 
the base, entire, stalked, upper leaflets transformed into branching 
tendrils ; flowers numerous, short-peduncled ; corolla 2 in. long, 



216 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

reddish-brown without, yellow within; capsule 6 in. long, flat, the 
valves with a prominent central nerve ; seeds broadly winged on the 
sides, short-winged on the ends. March- April. Common in woods. 

II. TECOMA. 

Woody vines, climbing by aerial rootlets ; leaves compound, 
odd-pinnate ; flowers large, in terminal clusters ; calyx bell- 
shaped, unequally 5-toothed; corolla funnel-form, enlarged 
above the calyx, 5-lobed, slightly 2-lipped ; stamens 4, didyn- 
amous ; capsule slender-fusiform, slightly compressed con- 
trary to the partition, 2-valved, dehiscent ; seeds winged. 

T. radicans (L.) DC. Trumpet Flower. Stems climbing 
high by numerous rootlets, bark shreddy ; leaves deciduous, petioled ; 
leaflets 9-11, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, short-stalked, smooth 
or slightly pubescent ; flowers in short, terminal racemes or corymbs ; 
calyx tubular, J in. long ; corolla 2-3 in. long, scarlet without, yellow 
within, the lobes spreading ; capsule 5-6 in. long, curved, often per- 
sistent through the winter ; seeds broadly winged. May-June. On 
borders of fields and in woods. 

III. CATALPA. 

Small trees ; leaves opposite, simple, petioled, deciduous ; 
flowers large and showy, in terminal panicles ; calyx irregu- 
larly 2-lipped 5 corolla tubular-bell-shaped, oblique, 5-lobed, 
2-lipped; fertile stamens 2, sterile stamens 3, short; fruit a 
linear, 2-valved, many-seeded capsule ; seeds winged. 

C. Catalpa (L.) Karst. Catalpa. A small tree with thin, 
rough, gray bark and light, soft, but exceedingly durable wood; 
leaves long-petioled, cordate, entire or palmately 3-lobed, acuminate 
at the apex, palmately veined, pubescent ; branches of the panicle in 
3's ; flowers large, 1-H in. long, white, variegated with yellow and 
purple ; corolla lobes undulate or crisped ; capsule very slender, 1 ft. 
or more in length, pendulous; seeds with long, fimbriate wings. 
April-June. On margins of rivers and swamps. 

115. MARTYNIACEiE. UXICORN-PLANT FAMILY. 

Herbs ; leaves entire, petioled, the lower opposite, the upper 
alternate ; flowers perfect, irregular, in terminal racemes ; 



DICOTYLEDONS. 217 

calyx 4-5-cleft or parted, often split to the base on one side ; 
corolla spreading, tubular, oblique, 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes 
nearly equal and spreading ; fertile stamens 2 or 4; ovary 
1-celled, but often becoming 2- or 4-celled by the intrusion of 
the parietal placentae, style slender, stigma 2-lobed; fruit 
a 2-valved, woody capsule beaked by 2 long and recurved 
horns, seeds numerous. 

MARTYNIA. 

Characters of the family. 

M. Louisiana Mill. Unicorn Plant. Annual herbs, densely 
viscid-pubescent ; stem stout, diffusely branched, becoming decum- 
bent, 2-4 ft. long ; leaves round-cordate, undulate or entire ; petiole 
long and stout ; racemes short, few-flowered ; calyx 5-cleft, with 2 or 
3 bracts at the base ; corolla 1£- 2 in. long, whitish, tinged with yel- 
low and purple, tube somewhat curved ; capsule 5-6 in. long, crested 
on one side, shorter than the divergent, recurved horns. June- 
August. In waste places. 

116. ACANTHACEiE. ACANTHUS FAMILY. 

Herbs ; stems usually 4-sided, often swollen between the 
joints; leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate ; flowers usually 
axillary, perfect, often irregular, bracted ; calyx 4-5-parted, 
persistent ; corolla 5-lobed, often 2-lipped ; fertile stamens 2 
or 4, inserted in the tube of the corolla ; ovary free, 2-celled, 
few- or many-seeded, style filiform, stigma entire or 2-lobed ; 
fruit a 2-celled, few-many-seeded capsule which is dehiscent 
by 2 elastic valves, seeds globose or flattened, not winged. 

I. RUELLIA. 

Perennial herbs ; stems swollen at the joints and often 
between them, somewhat 4-angled ; leaves sessile or short- 
petioled, mostly entire ; flowers axillary, solitary or clustered, 
showy, white, blue or purple ; calyx 2-bracted, 5-parted, the 



218 ELEMENTS OF BOTAXY. 

divisions linear and subulate ; corolla tube slender, often 
much, elongated, the limb spreading, nearly equally 5-iobed ; 
stamens 4, didynanious, included or slightly exserted; style 
slender ; capsule slender, narrowed below. 4-12-seeded. 

1. R. steepens L. Smooth Ruellia. Stem erect, slender, 
usually simple, smooth or hairy, 1-3 ft. high ; leaves ovate to oblong, 
acute at the apex, narrowed below into a short petiole ; flowers soli- 
tary or in small clusters, sessile or short-peduncled ; calyx lobes 
shorter than the tube of the corolla, pubescent or ciliate ; corolla 
blue, the tube 1^—2 in. long, the limb 1—1 ^ in. wide ; capsule usually 
longer than the calyx, smooth, 8-12-seeded ; the later flowers often 
without a corolla. May-September. On rich, dry soil. 

2. R. ciliosa Pursh. Hairy Ruellia. Stem erect, rather 
stout, often few-branched above, hirsute with white hairs, 4-30 in. 
high ; leaves oblong to ovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed 
and mostly sessile at the base, ciliate ; flowers pale blue, solitary or 
2-3 together ; calyx lobes setaceous, half the length of the corolla 
tube ; tube of the corolla 2 in. long ; capsule shorter than the calyx, 
smooth, 8-12-seeded : a very variable species, the flowers often with- 
out a corolla. June-September. In dry woods and fields. 

II. DIANTHERA. 

Perennial herbs ; stem smooth ; leaves opposite, entire or 
dentate ; flowers axillary, solitary or clustered, irregular ; 
calyx 5-parted ; corolla bilabiate, upper lip erect, concave, 
entire or emarginate, the lower prominently veined, spread- 
ing, 3-lobed ; stamens 2, inserted in the throat of the corolla ; 
ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled, style simple, acute ; capsule flat- 
tened, narrowed below into a stipe. 

1. D. Americana L. Water Willow. Stem erect, slender, 
2-3 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate at the 
apex, narrowed below to the sessile or short-petioled base ; flowers 
bracted, in short spikes, on peduncles as long as the leaves ; corolla 
pale blue or purple, the tube as long as the lips, lower lip rugose ; 
capsule about the length of the calyx. May-August. In water. 

2. D. ovata Walt. Loose-elowered Water Willow. Stems 
erect or ascending from a creeping base, slender, simple, 4-12 in. 
high ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled ; spikes 
few-flowered, on peduncles shorter than the leaves ; calyx lobes subu- 
late ; corolla less than J in. long, pale purple, the lower lip with 
darker veins ; capsule longer than the calyx. May- August. On 
muddy banks. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 219 



117. PL ANT AGIN ACE JE. PLANTAIN FAMILY. 

Acaulescent herbs from fibrous roots ; leaves basal, promi- 
nently veined ; scape erect, bearing a terminal spike or head 
of small, perfect, polygamous or dioecious flowers ; calyx of 4 
scarious-margined, persistent sepals ; corolla rotate or salver- 
form, the tube short, the limb 4-parted, scarious ; stamens 2 or 
4, included or exserted, inserted in the tube of the corolla and 
alternate with its lobes, filaments slender, anthers versatile; 
ovary free, 2- or 4-celled, style slender ; fruit a 2-celled, 
few- or many-seeded capsule, dehiscence circumscissile. 

PLANTAGO. 

Characters of the family. 

1. P. major L. Plantain. Perennial, from a very short root- 
stock; leaves ovate to oval, strongly 5-9-ribbed, acute or obtuse at 
the apex, rounded at the base into a long, concave petiole, entire or 
toothed, smooth or slightly pubescent; scape taller than the leaves, 
pubescent, spike densely flowered; bracts short, ovate; flowers per- 
fect ; stamens 4, exserted ; capsule ovoid, about twice the length of 
the calyx. April-August. Common in dooryards. 

2. P. laxceolata L. Pibgrass. Biennial or perennial; vil- 
lous or nearly smooth ; leaves numerous, lanceolate to elliptical, 
acute, long-petioled, strongly 3-5-ribbed, entire or toothed ; scapes 
much longer than the leaves, striate-angled, 1-2 ft. high, spike short 
and dense ; bracts and sepals ovate ; corolla glabrous ; capsule longer 
than the calyx, 2-seeded. March-October. Introduced ; common in 
meadows. 

3. P. aristata Michx. Large-bracted Plantain. Annual; 
leaves broadly linear, entire or sparingly denticulate, narrowed below 
into a margined petiole, smooth or silky-pubescent ; scape longer 
than the leaves, 6-10 in. high, spike dense; bracts linear, J-l in. 
long ; stamens 4 ; capsule 2-seeded, longer than the calyx. April- 
September. Common on dry soil. 

4. P. heterophylla Xutt. Many-seeded Plantain. Annual ; 
leaves linear, fleshy, entire or with a few spreading teeth, smooth or 
slightly pubescent ; scapes slender, 3-6 in. high, spike very slender, 
many-flowered, the lower flowers often scattered ; bracts ovate, longer 
than the sepals ; stamens 2 ; capsule twice the length of the calyx, 
many-seeded. March-Mav. Common in cultivated ground. 



220 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



118. RUBIACEJE. MADDER FAMILY. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees ; leaves simple, opposite or whorled ; 
flowers perfect, regular, axillary or terminal ; calyx tube 
adherent to the ovary, the limb 4-6-toothed or wanting ; 
corolla rotate to funnel-form, 4-6-lobed, inserted in the throat 
of the calyx ; stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla, 
as many as its lobes and alternate with them ; ovary 1-sev- 
eral-celled, style single ; fruit a capsule, drupe or berry. 

I. HOUSTONIA. 

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs ; stems erect or diffuse ; 
leaves entire, stipules often only a line connecting the bases 
of opposite leaves ; flowers small, solitary or clustered ; calyx 
4-toothed, persistent ; corolla rotate to funnel-form, 4-lobed ; 
stamens 4 ; ovary 2-celled, style slender, stigmas 2 ; fruit 
a 2-celled, few-many-seeded capsule, dehiscent at the apex, 
which is free from the calyx. 

1. H. ccerulea L. Bluets. Perennial, from very slender 
rootstocks ; stems tufted, erect, smooth, forking, 3-6 in. high ; leaves 
sessile, often ciliate, the lower spatulate, the upper lanceolate ; flowers 
solitary, on slender, axillary peduncles ; calyx small ; corolla salver- 
form, blue or white, yellow in the throat ; flowers of two forms, 
the stamens exserted and the style short in one form, while in the 
other the stamens are short and the style exserted ; capsule laterally 
compressed, 2-lobed, shorter than the calyx. February- April. Com- 
mon on open ground. 

2. H. minor (Michx.) Britt. Small Bluets. Annual; stem 
erect, branched at the base, forking above, smooth, 2-4 in. high ; 
lower leaves oval to ovate, petioled, the upper narrower and sessile ; 
flowers solitary, on slender, axillary peduncles, blue or white ; calyx 
small ; lobes of the corolla about as long as the tube ; stamens and 
style exserted or included ; capsule compressed, as long as the calyx. 
February- April. Common on dry, open ground. 

3. H. purpurea L. Large Bluets. Perennial ; stem stout, 
erect, simple or branched, smooth or pubescent, 4-angled? 6-12 in. 
high ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, 3-5- 
nerved, often ciliate on the margins; flowers in terminal cymes, 
purple to nearly white ; corolla funnel-form, the tube longer than 



DICOTYLEDONS. . 221 

the limb, hairy within ; stamens and style exserted or included ; cap- 
sule compressed-globose, much shorter than the calyx. May- July. 
In dry, open woods. 

4. H. longifolia Gaertn. Long-leaved Bluets. Peren- 
nial; stem erect, branched, smooth, 4-angled, 8-12 in. high; leaves 
sessile, the lower oblanceolate or spatulate, the upper linear, 1-nerved ; 
corymbs . terminal, few-flowered ; corolla light purple to white, the 
lobes much shorter than the tube ; capsule compressed-globose, nearly 
as long as the calyx. May-July. In dry, open woods. 



II. CEPHALANTHUS. 

Shrubs ; leaves opposite, entire, short-petioled, stipulate ; 
flowers white, in axillary, long-peduncled heads ; calyx obconic, 
4-lobed ; corolla tubular, 4-lobed ; stamens 4, filaments short ; 
ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, style slender, exserted, stigma capi- 
tate ; fruit dry, obconical. 

C. occidentalis L. Button-bush. A branching shrub, 5-10 
ft. high, young branches pubescent ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute at 
each end, smooth or pubescent ; stipules triangular ; peduncles nearly 
as long as the leaves ; heads globose, about 1 in. in diameter ; style 
twice the length of the corolla ; ovary much shorter than the calyx. 
June-August. Common on wet ground. 



III. MITCHELLA. 

Perennial ; stem very slender, woody, creeping ; leaves 
entire, petioled, stipulate, evergreen ; flowers in pairs on 
axillary or terminal peduncles ; calyx 4-lobed ; corolla funnel- 
form, 4-lobed, hairy within ; stamens 4, alternate with the 
lobes of the corolla ; ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled, stigmas 4 ; 
stamens included and style exserted, or stamens exserted and 
style included ; fruit 2 united, 4-seeded drupes or berries. 

M. repens L. Twin-berry. Stem rooting at the joints, smooth, 
1-2 ft. long; leaves broadly ovate to cordate, dark green, shining- 
above ; stipules minute ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; flowers 
white, the buds tinged with pink, J in. long ; fruit bright red, " two- 
eyed " above by the remains of the calyces, persistent through the 
winter, edible. March-May. In rich, damp woods. 



222 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



IV. DIODIA. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; stems diffuse; leaves opposite, 
sessile, the sheathing stipules bristly fringed ; flowers axil- 
lary, solitary or in small clusters ; calyx 2-4-lobed, persist- 
ent; corolla funnel-form to salver-form, usually 4-lobed ; 
stamens 4, exserted; ovary 2-celled, style slender, exserted, 
stigmas 2 ; fruit dry and indehiscent or somewhat fleshy, 
2-celled, 2-seeded, seeds bony. 

1. D. teres Walt. Poverty-weed. Annual ; stem erect or 
diffuse, much branched from the base, bristly or hairy, somewhat 
4-angled, 6-18 in. high; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, acute, ses- 
sile, rough, the margins revolute ; flowers purplish ; corolla funnel- 
form, ±-^ in. long ; fruit obovoid, crowned with the persistent calyx 
lobes. June-September. On dry, barren soil. 

2. D. Virgixiana L. Large Poverty-weed. Perennial; 
stem widely branched, smooth or hispid, 4-angled, diffuse and often 
prostrate, 1-4 ft. long ; leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile, somewhat 
fleshy ; flowers white or purplish, solitary or few together ; corolla 
tube very slender, ± in. long, the lobes spreading, hairy within ; fruit 
ovoid, strongly ribbed, dry or slightly fleshy, crowned with the 2-4- 
persistent calyx teeth. June-September. On wet, sandy soil. 



V. GALIUM. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; stems slender, 4-angled ; leaves 
verticillate ; flowers small, in axillary or terminal cymes or 
panicles, perfect or rarely dioecious ; calyx tube short, the teeth 
minute or wanting ; corolla rotate, 3-4-lobed ; stamens 3-4, 
short ; ovary 2-celled, styles 2, short, united below ; fruit 2 
united, indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels, sometimes fleshy. 

1. G. Aparixe L. Goosegrass. Annual; stem weak, decum- 
bent, sharply 4-angled and retrorsely hispid, widely branched, 2-4 
ft. long ; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, oblanceolate, hispid on the margins 
and mid-rib; peduncles axillary, longer than the leaves, 1-3-flow^ered ; 
flow 7 ers white ; fruiting pedicels erect ; fruit dry, covered with hooked 
bristles. April-September. In w 7 aste places. 

2. G. pilosum Ait. Hairy Bedstraw. Stem rigid, erect or 
ascending, hairy or roughened on the angles, branched, 1-3 ft. long; 
leaves 4 in a whorl, small, oval, acute, rough-hairy, and punctate- 
dotted ; peduncles several times forked, ultimate branches 1-3-flow- 



DICOTYLEDONS. 223 

ered ; flowers greenish-purple ; pedicels erect ; fruit dry, densely 
bristly. May-September. On dry soil. 

3. G. circ^ezans Michx. Wild Licorice. Perennial ; stems 
several, erect, smooth or pubescent, 12-18 in. high; leaves 4 in a 
whorl, oval to ovate, obtuse at the apex, strongly 3-nerved, pubes- 
cent ; cymes long-peduncled, repeatedly branched ; flowers nearly 
sessile, greenish-purple; pedicels at length recurved; fruit with 
hooked bristles. May- August. In dry, open w T oods. 

4. G. hispid ulum Michx. Bedstraw. Perennial, from yellow 
roots ; steins diffusely branched, smooth or slightly roughened, pubes- 
cent at the joints, erect or decumbent, 1-2 ft. long ; leaves 4 in a 
whorl, narrowly oval, acute, rough on the margins and mid- vein; 
peduncles 1-3-flowered ; flowers white ; pedicels becoming reflexed ; 
fruit " a bluish-black, roughened berry. May-September. On dry, 
sandy soil. 

119. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 

Trees, shrubs, woody vines or herbs ; leaves opposite, simple 
or pinnately compound, exstipulate, deciduous or evergreen ; 
flowers perfect, regular or irregular, mostly in terminal cymes ; 
calyx tube adherent to the ovary, 3-5-lobed; corolla rotate 
to tubular or urn-shaped, 3-5-lobed, sometimes bilabiate ; sta- 
mens inserted in the tube of the corolla and alternate with 
its lobes ; ovary 2-5-celled, ovules 1 in each cell, style slen- 
der, capitate or 2-5-lobed ; fruit a 1-6-celled capsule, drupe 
or berry. 

I. SAMBUCUS. 

Shrubs ; leaves pinnately compound ; flowers white, regu- 
lar, in large, terminal cymes ; calyx tube ovoid, minutely 
3-5-toothed or truncate ; corolla rotate, 3-5-lobed ; stamens 
5, inserted in the base of the corolla ; ovary 3-5-celled, style 
short, 3-parted ; fruit berry-like, mostly 3-celled. 

5. Canadensis L. Elder. A branching shrub 6-10 ft. high ; 
stem weak, pith very large ; leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets 7-11, ovate 
to oval, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, short-stalked, 
serrate, smooth or slightly pubescent ; cymes broad, flat-topped, 
5-rayed ; flowers small ; fruit purplish-black. May- July. Common 
on low ground and along fences. 



224 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



II. VIBURNUM. 

Shrubs or small trees ; leaves simple, entire, dentate or 
lobed, stipulate or exstipulate; flowers small, white, in termi- 
nal cymes, the outer flowers of the cyme sometimes greatly 
enlarged and sterile ; calyx tube very small, 5-toothed ; corolla 
rotate or campanulate, 5-lobed; stamens 5, inserted in the 
tube of the corolla ; ovary 1-3-celled, 1-3-ovuled but only 1 
ovule maturing, style short, 3-lobed ; fruit a 1-seeded drupe. 

1. Y. acerifolium L. Maple-leaved Akrow-wood. A slen- 
der shrub 3-6 ft. high ; leaves broadly ovate to cordate, palmately 
veined and 3-lobed, serrate or nearly entire, petioled, pubescent, 
becoming smooth above; cymes peduncled, about 7-rayed, 2-3 in. 
wide ; sterile flowers none ; fruit oval, black, stone flat, 2-ridged on 
the edges. May-June. In dry, open woods. 

2. Y. dentatum L. Arrow-wood. A shrub 8-15 ft. high ; 
leaves broadly ovate to oval, acute at the apex, rounded or cordate 
at the base, coarsely dentate, smooth above, hairy in the axils of 
the veins beneath, short-petioled ; cymes long-peduncled, 7-rayed, 
2-3 in. wide ; sterile flowers none ; calyx smooth ; fruit globose, 
dark blue, stone compressed, grooved on one side. March-May. 
In rich, damp soil. 

3. Y. nudum L. Withe-rod. A shrub 8-12 ft. high ; leaves 
ovate to lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed, acute at both ends, 
thick, smooth above, the veins xu'ominent beneath ; petiole short ; 
cymes short-peduncled, 5-rayed ; sterile flowers none ; fruit ovoid, 
blue. April-May. Common in swamps. 

4. Y. scabrellum T. & G. Rough Arrow-wood. A shrub 
8-12 ft. high ; leaves ovate to nearly orbicular, acute at the apex, cor- 
date, rounded or cuneate at the base, coarsely serrate, thick, stellate- 
tomentose beneath, short-petioled ; cymes peduncled, 7-rayed ; calyx 
and corolla hairy ; fruit globose, dark blue. May-June. Swamps 
and river banks. 

5. Y. prunifolium L. Black Haw. A small tree 15-20 ft. 
high ; leaves oval to ovate, acute or obtuse at each end, finely and 
sharply serrate, smooth and shining above, often slightly pubescent 
beneath ; petioles dilated and rusty-pubescent ; cymes sessile, large, 
4-5-rayed ; sterile flowers none ; drupe oval, bluish-black, edible. 
April-May. In rich, moist woods. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 225 



III. S YMPHORIC ARPOS . 

Shrubs ; leaves short-petioled, deciduous ; flowers in axillary 
clusters ; calyx tube globose, 4-5-toothed ; corolla campanu- 
late, 4-o-lobed, sometimes gibbous at the base, smooth or 
hairy within ; stamens 4-5 ; ovary 4-celled, 2 of the cells with 
a single fertile ovule in each, the other cells with several 
abortive ovules ; style slender, stigma capitate or 2-lobed ; 
fruit a 4-celled, 2-seeded berry. 

S. Symphoricarpos (L.) MacM. Coral Berry. A slender, 
branching shrub 2-4 ft. high ; twigs purple ; leaves oval to ovate, 
entire or nearly so, smooth above, pubescent beneath ; flowers in 
small, axillary clusters ; corolla pinkish, nearly smooth within ; style 
bearded; fruit red, globose, persistent through the winter. June- 
September. River banks, on dry soil. 



IV. LONICERA. 

Shrubs or woody vines ; leaves simple, usually entire, often 
connate ; calyx tube ovoid, 5-toothed ; corolla tubular to cam- 
panulate, often gibbous at the base or bilabiate ; stamens 5 ; 
ovary 2-3~celled, ovules several in each cell, style slender, 
stigma capitate ; fruit a 1-3-celled, 1-few-seeded berry. 

1. L. flava Sims. Yellow Honeysuckle. Stem somewhat 
twining ; leaves oval to obovate, obtuse, entire, green above, glau- 
cous beneath, the lower short-petioled, the upper sessile or connate ; 
flowers in crowded, terminal whorls, bright yellow, fragrant ; corolla 
tube slender, 1-1^ in. long, bilabiate, 4-lobed, pubescent within; 
stamens and style exserted. April-July. On river banks and hill- 
sides ; often cultivated. 

2. L. sempervirens L. Coral Honeysuckle. Stem twining 
high ; leaves evergreen, oval to oblong, obtuse, entire, smooth above, 
pale and often pubescent beneath, the lower petioled, the upper pair 
nearly semi-orbicular and connate ; flowering spikes terminal, bear- 
ing several whorls ; corolla about 2 in. long, slender, smooth, the 
limb short, nearly equally 5-lobed, scarlet without, bright yellow 
within ; stamens slightly exserted ; fruit red. April-September. 
On low ground ; often cultivated. 

3. L. Japonic a Thunb. Japan Honeysuckle. Stem twining 
high; young branches pubescent ; leaves ovate to oblong, entire, 
smooth above, pale and pubescent beneath, all short-petioled ; pedum 



226 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

cles axillary, 2-bracted, 2-flowered ; flowers white or pink, fading to 
yellow, bilabiate, the lips nearly as long as the pubescent tube ; sta- 
mens and style exserted; fruit black. May- August. Introduced 
from Japan ; common in cultivation. 

V. DIERVILLA. 

Shrubs ; leaves serrate, short-petioled ; flowers in axillary 
cymes ; calyx tube oblong, 5-toothed, teeth linear ; corolla 
funnel-form, gibbous at the base, nearly equally 5-lobed ; sta- 
mens 5; ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled, style slender, stigma 
capitate ; fruit a 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded capsule. 

D. Japoxica Thunb. Weigela. A stout, branching shrub 3-6 
ft. high ; leaves broadly oval, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, 
coarsely serrate, rough above, pubescent beneath, short-petioled ; 
flowers spreading, funnel-form, rose-color, 1-1 £ in. long ; calyx lobes 
deciduous ; corolla pubescent without, the lobes spreading ; capsule 
oblong or fusiform ; seeds reticulate-winged. April-May. Intro- - 
duced from Japan; common in cultivation. 

120. VALERIANACEJE. VALERIAN FAMILY. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves opposite, exstipulate ; 
flowers perfect or polygamo-dicecious, in panicled or corym- 
bose cymes ; calyx tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 
toothed, lobed, pappus-like or wanting; corolla tubular to 
funnel-form, 5-lobed, gibbous at the base ; stamens mostly 3, 
inserted in the tube of the corolla; ovary 3-celled, 2 of the 
cells abortive, the other containing a single ovule ; style fili- 
form, stigma entire or lobed ; fruit a nerved achene. 

VALERIANELLA. 

Annual herbs ; stem forking regularly ; leaves opposite, 
entire or dentate ; flowers in crowded, terminal, bracted 
cymes ; calyx limb toothed or wanting ; corolla white or pur- 
plish, funnel-form, 5-lobed ; stamens 3 ; style 3-lobed ; fruit 
3-celled, 1-seeded. 

1. V. Locusta (L.) Bettke. Lamb Lettuce. Stem erect, 
smooth, or pubescent at the nodes, many times forked, 9-12 in. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 227 

high ; basal leaves tufted, spatulate to obovate, entire, the upper 
lanceolate, dentate, sessile ; cymes short-peduncled, bracts linear ; 
flowers pale blue ; fruit compressed, oblique. April-June. On 
rich soil in waste places. 

2. V. radiata (L.) Dufr. Corn Salad. Stem erect, smooth 
above, pubescent below, 2-1 times forked, 8-12 in. high ; lower 
leaves spatulate, entire, the upper lanceolate, clasping at the base, 
dentate ; cymes compact ; bracts lanceolate ; flowers white ; fruit 
ovoid, downy, furrowed. February- April. On damp soil. 

121. CUCURBITACEiE. GOURD FAMILY. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; stems succulent, tendril-bear- 
ing, climbing or trailing; leaves alternate, simple, petioled, 
palmately veined or lobed, exstipulate ; flowers axillary, soli- 
tary or racemed, monoecious or dioecious ; calyx tube adnate 
to the ovary, 5-lobed; corolla usually gamopetalous, inserted 
on the calyx; stamens mostly 3, 2 of them with the anthers 
2-celled, the other with the anther 1-celled ; filaments short, 
often united; ovary 1-3-celled, style entire or lobed; fruit 
usually fleshy, 1-3-celled, seeds flat. 

I. CUCURBITA. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; stem trailing, 2-20 ft. long ; 
leaves angular-lobed ; tendrils branching ; flowers monoecious, 
solitary or in small clusters ; calyx 5-toothed, the limb decidu- 
ous ; corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; staminate flowers with 3 
stamens and no pistil, pistillate flowers with 1 pistil and 
3 abortive stamens ; style short, stigmas 3-5, each 2-lobed ; 
fruit 1-celled with numerous seeds on the 3 parietal placentae. 

1. C. melopepo L. Summer Squash. Stem rough-hairy, 
angled, 2-5 ft. long ; leaves broadly cordate, angularly 3-5-lobed, 
rough ; flowers yellow, short-peduncled ; fruit orbicular, longitudi- 
nally compressed, the margin smooth, wavy or tubercular. May- 
July. Common in cultivation. 

2. C. verrucosa L. Crookneck Squash. Stem rough-hairy, 
angled and striate, 5-10 ft. long ; leaves cordate, deeply 5-lobed, 
very rough, long-petioled ; flowers light yellow, long-peduncled ; fruit 
clavate, the base often slender and curved, smooth or tuberculate, 
very variable. June-August. Common in cultivation. 



228 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



II. MELOTHRIA. 

Perennial ; stem slender ; tendrils rarely branched ; leaves 
entire or angular-lobed ; flowers polygamous or dioecious ; 
staminate flowers clustered, calyx and corolla campanulate, 
5-lobed, pistil minute or wanting ; pistillate flowers solitary, 
calyx contracted above the ovary, corolla campanulate, 5- 
parted ; ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled, style short, stigmas 3 ; 
fruit smooth, berry-like, many-seeded. 

M. pendula L. Creeping Cucumber. Stem very slender, 
smooth, branched, climbing, 3-6 ft. long ; leaves cordate, rough, 
3-5-lobed, the lobes toothed ; flowers yellow, the staminate in few- 
flowered racemes, the pistillate solitary, on long and slender droop- 
ing peduncles ; fruit oval, about j- in. long, greenish-black. May- 
August. In thickets on light soil. 

III. SICYOS. 

Annual ; stem slender ; tendrils branched ; leaves angled ; 
flowers monoecious ; calyx tube campanulate, with 5 minute 
teeth ; corolla rotate, the limb deeply 5-parted ; staminate 
flowers in racemes, pistillate flowers in capitate clusters ; 
ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, style short, slender, stigmas 3 ; fruit 
membranaceous, bristly, 1-seeded. 

S. angulatus L. Star Cucumber. Stem slender, clammy- 
pubescent, somewhat angled, climbing 10-20 ft. ; tendrils mostly 
3-forked ; leaves thin, cordate to orbicular, angled and denticulate, 
rough on both sides ; flowers greenish-white ; fruit long-peduncled, 
yellowish, indehiscent. June- August. River banks and damp places. 

[Among the cultivated plants belonging to this family are 
the watermelon and citron (Citrullus vulgaris), the cucumber 
(Cucumis sativus), the rnuskmelon (Cucumis melo), and the 
Gourd (Lagenaria vulgar e)."] 

122. CAMPANULACEiE. BELL-FLOWER FAMILY. 

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, juice acrid or milky ; 
leaves alternate, entire, dentate or lobed, exstipulate ; flowers 
perfect, regular or irregular; calyx tube adherent to the 



DICOTYLEDONS. 229 

ovary, the limb 3-5-lobed, usually persistent ; corolla inserted 
at the top of the calyx tube, 5-lobed, often bilabiate with the 
tube split to the base on one side ; stamens 5, alternate with 
the lobes of the corolla, filaments and anthers distinct or 
united ; ovary 1-5-celled, style single, smooth or bearded ; 
fruit a capsule. 

I. CAMPANULA. 

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs ; flowers solitary, 
racemed or spiked, regular, blue or white ; calyx 5-lobed or 
parted ; corolla rotate to bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; stamens 5, 
free from the corolla, distinct, filaments dilated at the base ; 
ovary 3-5-celled, many-ovuled, style 3-parted ; capsule short, 
bearing the persistent calyx lobes at its apex, many-seeded, 
dehiscent on the sides. 

C. Americana L. Tall Bell-flower. Annual or biennial ; 
stem erect, slender, smooth or pubescent, simple or with a few ascend- 
ing branches above, 2-5 ft. high ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, acumi- 
nate at the apex, tapering below into a short petiole, serrate, thin ; 
flowers in an elongated, leafy spike, single or 2-3 together ; calyx 
lobes slender, spreading ; corolla blue, 1 in. wide, rotate ; style curved, 
long-exserted ; capsule strongly ribbed, longer than the calyx lobes. 
June-September. In moist, open woods. 



II. LEGOUZIA. 

Annual ; stems slender, angled ; leaves entire or toothed ; 
flowers axillary, regular, solitary or in small clusters, ses- 
sile, bracted ; calyx tube slender, 3-5-parted ; corolla rotate, 
5-lobed ; stamens with the filaments flattened and shorter 
than the anthers ; ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled, stigmas 3 ; 
fruit a prismatic, 3-celled, many-seeded capsule. 

1. L. biflora (R. & P.) Britt. Specularia. Stem erect, sim- 
ple or branched from the base, angles roughened, 10-20 in. high ; 
leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute at the apex, sessile, crenate or entire, 
the upper bract-like ; flowers solitary or in pairs ; corolla blue, often 
wanting; capsule cylindrical, smaller above. March-July. In waste 
places. 



230 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

2. L. perfoliata (L.) Britt. Venus's Looking-glass. Stem 
simple or branched, slightly pubescent, smooth or rough on the 
angles, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves very numerous, round-cordate, clasping 
at the base, crenate or sometimes entire ; flowers solitary or 2-3 
together ; calyx teeth 3-5 ; corolla blue, sometimes wanting ; capsule 
oblong, ribbed. May-September. Common in fields and waste 
places. 

III. LOBELIA. 

Annual, biennial or perennial, with acrid, poisonous juice ; 
stems erect; leaves alternate, sometimes nearly all basal, 
mostly serrate with glandular-pointed teeth ; flowers in termi- 
nal, leafy-bracted spikes or racemes, red, white or blue, irregu- 
lar ; calyx 5-lobed ; tube of the corolla straight or curved, 
split to the base on one side, the limb bilabiate, the upper 
lip smaller, with 2 erect or reflexed lobes, the lower lip 
spreading, 3-lobed ; stamens 5, free from the corolla, mona- 
delphous, some or all of the anthers with a tuft of hair at 
the apex, united around the style; ovary 2-celled, many- 
ovuled, style single, slender, stigma 2-lobed, fringed; fruit 
a 2-celled, many-seeded capsule. 

1. L. paludosa Nutt. Swamp Lobelia. Perennial; stem 
smooth and glabrous, simple or with a few erect branches, nearly 
leafless, 2-4 ft. high ; leaves mostly basal, fleshy, spatulate to linear, 
entire or denticulate, the lower narrowed into a petiole, the upper 
sessile ; flowers small, pale blue or white, in loose racemes, bracts 
small ; calyx lobes slender, not appendaged ; lower lip of the corolla 
pubescent. May-August. Swamps in pine barrens. 

2. L. cardinalis L. Cardinal Flower. Perennial ; stem 
stout, smooth or slightly pubescent, simple, 2-4 ft. high ; leaves 
numerous, oblong to lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, denticulate, 
thin, smooth or slightly pubescent, the lower petioled, the upper ses- 
sile; flowers in a bracted raceme, bright scarlet, 1-1 ^ in. long, very 
showy ; bracts leaf -like ; calyx smooth or pubescent, not appendaged, 
the lobes linear ; stamens and style exserted. June-September. On 
wet soil. 

3. L. syphilitica L. Blue Lobelia. Perennial ; stem stout, 
pubescent, simple, 1-3 ft. high ; leaves very numerous, lanceolate to 
oval, acute at each end, thin, smooth, coarsely serrate, sessile or the 
lower petioled ; flowers bright blue, in a dense, leafy raceme ; calyx 
hairy, the lobes lanceolate, denticulate, half the length of the corolla, 
with deflexed, auricled appendages in the sinuses ; corolla about 1 
in. long, glabrous. June-October. On wet soil. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 231 

4. L. spicata Lam. Spiked Lobelia. Biennial or perennial ; 
stem pubescent, simple, 1-3 ft. high ; lower leaves oval to obovate, 
obtuse at the apex, denticulate, narrowed below to the short petiole, 
upper leaves smaller, lanceolate, sessile; raceme long and dense; 
pedicels short; bracts linear; flowers small, pale blue; calyx tube 
smooth, shorter than the lobes, without appendages ; corolla ^-^ in. 
long. June- August. On dry, sandy soil. 



123. CICHORIACEJE. CHICORY FAMILY. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; juice milky, usually acrid and 
bitter ; leaves alternate or basal ; flowers in a close head 
which is surrounded by an involucre consisting of 1 or more 
rows of bracts ; the receptacle naked or with chaffy scales, 
nearly smooth or pitted, flat or convex ; flowers perfect ; the 
calyx tube adnate to the ovary, the limb sometimes wanting, 
but usually prolonged above into a pappus of scales, bristles, 
or fine hairs which are often plumose ; corolla tubular below, 
prolonged above into a strap-shaped or ligulate ray which is 
usually 5-toothed at the apex ; stamens 5, inserted in the 
tube of the corolla, the anthers united into a ring about the 
slender, 2-lobed style ; ovary 1-celled ; fruit an achene. 

I. SERINIA. 

Annual; stem branching, glaucous; leaves lanceolate to 
linear, entire or lobed, petioled or sessile ; flowers yellow, in 
long-peduncled heads ; the involucre spreading in flower, 
connivent in fruit, usually of 8 equal bracts about as long as 
the corollas ; receptacle naked ; achenia ovoid-oblong, ribbed 
and striate, pappus none. 

S. oppositifolia (Raf.) Kuntze. Serinia. Stem very glau- 
cous, succulent, branched below, 4-12 in. high ; lower leaves lanceo- 
late, entire or pinnatifid, long-petioled, the upper narrower and 
usually entire, clasping, the two highest often nearly opposite ; pedun- 
cles long and slender, often glandular-pubescent near the apex ; heads 
1 0-2 0-flo were d ; rays truncate, 5-toothed at the apex. March-May. 
In dry, open fields. 



232 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



II. ADOPOGON. 



Annual or perennial ; leaves mostly basal, entire, toothed 
or pinnatifid ; heads long-peduncled, 15-inany-flowered ; in- 
volucre of 6-15 nearly equal bracts in 1 or 2 rows ; recepta- 
cle naked ; flowers yellow or orange ; rays truncate, 5-toothed 
at the apex ; achenes short, oblong or top-shaped, 4-5-angled 
and ribbed; pappus double, the outer row of short, chaffy 
scales, the inner of slender bristles. 

1. A. Virginicum (L.) Kuntze. Goat's-beard. Perennial; 
stem erect, smooth and glaucous, branched above, 1-2 ft. high ; 
leaves oval to oblong, the lower long-petioled and toothed, the upper 
sessile and often entire ; stem umbellately branched, bearing 2-5 long- 
peduncled heads; involucral bracts 9-15; flowers orange; achenes 
oblong, 15-20-ribbed; scales of the pappus oblong, numerous, bristles 
slender, numerous. April-July. Common on sandy soil. 

2. A. Dandelion (L.) Kuntze. Goat's-beard. Perennial ; 
acaulescent; roots often bearing small tubers; leaves spatulate- 
oblong to linear, entire or toothed ; scapes often several, leafless, 
glaucous, 6-15 in. high; heads single; involucral bracts 12-15; 
flowers yellow ; achenes somewhat top-shaped, obscurely 4-angled ; 
pappus of numerous short scales and slender bristles. March-May. 
Common on damp soil. 

3. A. Carolinianum (Walt.) Britt. Carolina Goat's-beard. 
Annual ; nearly acaulescent ; leaves spatulate-oblong, mostly lyrate 
or pinnatifid, glaucous or slightly pubescent; scapes several, glau- 
cous, 3-12 in. high; involucral bracts 6-15, in 2 irregular rows, 
refiexed at maturity; flowers yellow; achenes top-shaped, 5-angled; 
pappus of 5 short and rounded scales and 5-10 rough bristles. 
February-May. On dry, sandy soil. 

III. TARAXACUM. 

Perennial ; acaulescent ; leaves all basal, entire or pinnatifid ; 
scapes often several, tubular ; heads large, solitary ; involucre 
double, the outer several irregular series of unequal, spread- 
ing bracts, the inner a single row of equal, erect bracts which 
are somewhat united at the base, all refiexed at maturity; 
receptacle naked ; flowers yellow ; rays truncate, 5-toothed at 
the apex ; achenes oblong, with 5-10 roughened nerves, taper- 
ing into a slender beak above ; pappus of numerous white 
hairs. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 233 

T. Taraxacum (L.) Karst. Dandelion. From a large, deep 
root ; leaves spatulate to elliptical, irregularly toothed or pinnatifid, 
narrowed into a margined petiole ; scapes erect, 4-12 in. high ; heads 
l£-2 in. wide; invohicral bracts lanceolate to linear; flowers bright 
yellow, very numerous ; achenes quite rough above, ^-^ the length 
of the filiform beak which is developed as the achenes mature ; pap- 
pus a globose tuft of soft, white hairs. February- July. In lawns 
and along roadsides; introduced. 

IV. SONCHUS. 

Annual or perennial ; leaves mostly toothed or pinnatifid, 
prickly margined ; heads in corymbs or panicles ; bracts in 
several series, the outer shorter; receptacle naked; flowers 
yellow ; rays truncate, 5-toothed at the apex ; achenes oval to 
oblong, compressed, ribbed, truncate at the apex ; pappus of 
numerous soft, white hairs. 

1. S. oleraceus L. Sow Thistle. Annual; stem erect, 
branched, smooth, 2-6 ft. high; leaves spiny toothed, the lower 
long-petioled, very irregu]arly cut or pinnatifid, the upper clasping 
by an auricled base ; involucre downy when young ; achenes striate 
and transversely w r rinkled. May- August. In waste places on very 
rich soil. 

2. S. asper (L.) All. Spiny Sow Thistle. Annual ; stem 
erect, smooth, branched but little, 2-6 ft. high ; leaves undivided, 
spatulate to oblanceolate, fringed with spiny teeth, the lower nar- 
rowed into a petiole, the upper clasping by an auricled base, the 
auricles rounded ; heads numerous ; involucre glabrous ; achenes 
flattened, margined, 3-nerved on each side, smooth. May-Septem- 
ber. In waste places. 

Y. LACTUCA. 

Annual, biennial or perennial ; stems leafy ; leaves entire 
to pinnatifid ; heads panicled ; involucre cylindrical, bracts 
unequal, imbricated in 2 or more rows, the outer shorter ; 
receptacle naked ; flowers blue, yellow or white ; rays trun- 
cate, 5-toothed at the apex ; achenes compressed, ribbed, the 
apex contracted into a slender beak which is enlarged into a 
disk bearing the soft, hairy, white or tawny pappus. 

1. L. Canadensis L. Wild Lettuce. Biennial; stem erect, 
smooth, hollow, branched above, 3-10 ft. high; leaves lanceolate to 



234 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

spatulate, pale beneath, the lower petioled and pinnatifid, the upper 
sessile, clasping, and nearly entne ; heads numerous, about 20-flow- 
ered ; flowers yellow ; achenes oval, flat, 1 -ribbed on each side, 
minutely roughened, about as long as the beak; pappus white. 
June-October. In waste places. 

2. L. villosa Jacq. Blue Lettuce. Stem very leafy, smooth, 
paniculately branched above, 3-6 ft. high ; leaves ovate to lanceo- 
late, acuminate, often hairy beneath, the lower on winged petioles 
and often sinuate-lobed, the upper sessile ; heads racemed, on diver- 
gent • and bracted peduncles ; flowers blue ; achenes slightly com- 
pressed, beak very short; pappus white. June-September. In 
waste places. 

VI. SITILIAS. 

Annual or biennial ; stem erect, leafy below, nearly naked 
above, smooth ; leaves oblong, toothed or pinnatifid ; heads 
large, long-peduncled ; involucre cylindrical or spreading, the 
inner row of bracts erect, united at the base, the outer rows 
shorter and spreading ; receptacle naked ; flowers yellow ; rays 
truncate, 5-toothed at the apex ; achenes oblong, 5-ribbed, 
narrowed above into a long and slender beak ; pappus soft, 
tawny, with a short, villous ring at the base. 

S. Caroliniaxa (Walt.) Raf. False Dandelion. Annual or 
biennial; stem glabrous, furrowed, branched above, 2-3 ft. high; 
lower leaves lanceolate to ob]ong, entire, toothed or pinnatifid, nar- 
rowed into a margined petiole, the upper sessile, bract-like, entire ; 
heads few, long-peduncled, peduncles and involucre sometimes puberu- 
lent ; inner bracts calloused at the apex, the outer subulate and 
spreading; achenes much shorter than the filiform beak. April- 
July. Common in fields. 

124. COMPOSITE. THISTLE FAMILY. 

Herbs or shrubs, with watery or resinous juice ; leaves 
opposite, alternate or basal, entire, toothed, or divided, ex- 
stipulate ; flowers in heads surrounded by an involucre of 
bracts in 1 or more rows ; the receptacle naked or chaffy, 
smooth or pitted, concave, flat or convex ; flowers perfect or 
variously imperfect ; calyx tube adnate to the ovary, the 
limb prolonged 'above into a pappus of scales, bristles or 



DICOTYLEDONS. 



235 



hairs, or rarely wanting ; corolla tubular, 5-toothed or rarely 
bilabiate, the corollas of the marginal flowers often prolonged 
into a strap-shaped or ligulate ray; when both tubular and 
ray flowers are present the head is said to be radiate, and 
when all the flowers are tubular it is said to be discoid ; sta- 
mens usually 5, united by their anthers into a ring about 
the slender, 2-cleft style ; fruit an achene. 

The largest family of flowering plants, and the one in 
which the flowers are most highly specialized. Fully ten 
thousand species are known, though comparatively few are 
of great economic importance. Most of the species bloom 
late in the season. 



Heads discoid. 

Receptacle naked. 

Pappus of chaffy bristles 

Pappus of capillary bristles 

Pappus of plumose bristles 

Pappus of bearded bristles 
Receptacle chaffy 
Receptacle bristly . 

Heads radiate. 
Rays yellow. 

Receptacle naked. 
Pappus capillary, heads racemed . 
Pappus capillary, heads corymbed 
Pappus of chaffy scales 

Receptacle chaffy. 

Leaves alternate, rays fertile 
Leaves alternate, rays neutral 

Leaves opposite. 
Pappus of 2 chaffy scales or wanting. 

Involucre in several rows 
Involucre in 2 rows 
Pappus of 2-4 barbed awns 



I. Elephantopus. 
II. Eupatorium. 

III. Lacinaria. 

IV. Trilisa. 
XII. Bidens. 

XVI. Carduus. 



V. Solidago. 
XV. Senecio. 
XIII. Helenium. 



VIII. Silphium. 
IX. Rudbeckia. 



X. Helianthus. 
XL Coreopsis. 
XII. Bidens. 



236 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

Rays white or purplish. 
Receptacle naked. 
Disk flowers tubular. 
Bracts imbricated in several rows . VI. Aster. 

Bracts only slightly imbricated . VII. Erigeron. 

Disk flowers bilabiate . . . XVII. Thyrsanthema. 
Receptacle chaffy XIV. Achillea. 



I. ELEPHANTOPUS. 

Perennial herbs ; stem scape-like, corymbosely branched 
above ; leaves mostly basal and nearly entire ; heads small, 
in dense, bracted clusters, discoid, 3-5-flowered ; involucre 
oblong, its bracts about 8, in 2 series, the outer shorter ; 
receptacle naked; corollas all alike, deeply 5-lobed, deeply 
cleft on one side, purple; achenes oblong, ribbed, hairy; 
pappus of rigid, awn-like scales or bristles which are dilated 
at the base. 

1. E. Carolinian us Willd. Carolina Elephant's Foot. 
Stem erect, hairy, leafy, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves oval to obovate, obtuse 
at the apex, narrowed below into a winged petiole, serrate or den- 
tate, the upper often sessile ; bracts 3-5, ovate, longer than the 
heads; involucral bracts slightly hairy; achenes hairy, 10-ribbed. 
June-September. In damp, shady places. 

2. E. tomentosus L. Woolly Elephant's Foot. Stem erect, 
rough-hairy, nearly leafless, 1-2 ft. high; leaves mostly basal, obo- 
vate-oblong, on a margined petiole, crenate, soft-pubescent beneath, 
stem leaves 1 or 2, small, sessile ; bracts ovate to cordate, shorter 
than the heads, involucral bracts very hairy ; achenes nearly smooth, 
10-ribbed. June- August. In damp soil. 



II. EUPATORIUM. 

Perennial herbs ; stems leafy ; leaves opposite, verticillate 
or sometimes alternate, often resinous-dotted ; heads discoid, 
3-many-flowered, in cymes or panicles ; involucre cylindrical 
or spreading, its bracts imbricated in 2 or more series ; recep- 
tacle naked ; flowers white, blue or purple ; corolla slender ; 
achenes 5-angled, truncate, smooth ; pappus a single row of 
rough bristles. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 237 

1. E. purpureum L. Purple Boneset. Stem erect, smooth 
or slightly pubescent, often striate, branched above, 3-10 ft. high ; 
leaves 3-6 in a whorl, lanceolate to ovate, petioled, coarsely serrate, 
roughened ; heads in large, compound corymbs, 5-10-flowered ; bracts 
purplish, obtuse, imbricated in several rows, the outer shorter ; flowers 
pink or purple. July-September. In moist woods. 

2. E. album L. White Thoroughwort. Stem erect, rough- 
pubescent or hairy, branched above, 1-3 ft. high; leaves opposite, 
lanceolate to oblong, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the 
base, nearly or quite sessile, serrate, strongly veined ; heads numer- 
ous, in dense corymbs, 5-flowered ; involucre slender, its bracts in 
2-3 series, linear to lanceolate, with white and scarious edges, the 
tips mucronate ; flowers white. July-September. Common on dry, 
sandy soil. 

3. E. ROTUNDIFOLIUM L. ROUND-LEAVED THOROUGHWORT. 

Stem erect, rough-pubescent, simple or branched above, 2-3 ft. high ; 
leaves opposite, broadly ovate to roundish, truncate and sessile at 
the base, obtusely serrate, 3-ribbed, rugose ; corymbs large, heads 
5-flowered ; involucre spreading, its bracts in 2-3 series, lanceolate, 
densely pubescent ; flow T ers white. June-September. On dry soil. 

4. E. perfoliatum L. Boneset. Stem erect, stout, pubescent 
or hairy, branched above, 2-4 ft. high ; leaves opposite, lanceolate, 
connate-perfoliate, crenate-serrate, rugose, with a prominent vein near 
the margin; corymb large and spreading; heads about 10-flowered; 
involucre spreading, the bracts linear-lanceolate, acute ; flowers white. 
July-September. On low ground. A popular domestic remedy. 

5. E. ccelestinum L. Mist Flower. Stem erect, slender, 
smooth or pubescent, widely branched, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves opposite, 
ovate to deltoid or sometimes cordate, acuminate at the apex, 
petioled, coarsely dentate ; corymbs spreading, heads many-flowered ; 
involucre spreading, bracts nearly equal, linear-lanceolate; flowers 
blue or purple. June-September. On rich soil. 

III. LACINARIA. 

Perennial from tuberous roots ; stems usually simple ; 
leaves alternate, narrow, entire ; heads discoid, spiked or 
racemed, few- or many-flow^ered ; involucre oblong or bell- 
shaped, its bracts imbricated in several rows, the outer 
shorter ; receptacle naked ; corollas slender, purple to white ; 
achenes slender, narrowed to the base, 10-ribbed ; pappus of 
numerous plumose bristles. 

1. L. squarrosa (L.) Hill. Blazing-star. Stem erect, stout, 
simple, smooth or pubescent, 1-2 ft. high; leaves numerous, linear, 



238 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

rigid, smooth or hairy, 3-5-ribbed; heads few, about 1 in. long, in 
a leafy-bracted spike, many-flowered; bracts in several rows, with 
rigid, acuminate, spreading tips ; lobes of the corolla hairy ; pappus 
very plumose. June-September. On dry soil. 

2. L. elegans (Walt.) Kuntze. Showy Blazing-star. Stem 
erect, tomentose, simple, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves very numerous, linear, 
punctate, the upper small and bract-like; heads very numerous, 
showy, 4-5-flowered, in a long and dense spike or raceme; bracts 
numerous, in 2-3 series, the tips of the inner ones spreading and 
petal-like, the outer ones loose ; pappus very plumose. July- August. 
On dry pine barrens. 

3. L. scariosa (L.) Hill. Button Snakeroot. Stem stout, 
simple, pubescent, 3-6 ft. high; leaves pubescent and punctate, the 
lower spatulate to oblanceolate, the upper linear and acute ; heads 
large, often 1 in. wide, many-flowered, sessile or short-peduncled, in 
long spikes ; flowers bluish purple ; involucral bracts in several 
series, obtuse, the margins colored; pappus short-plumose. July- 
September. On dry soil. 

4. L. spicata (L.) Kuntze. Spiked Button Snakeroot. Stem 
erect, smooth, simple, very leafy, 3-6 ft. high; lower leaves linear, 
obtuse, erect, 1 ft. or more in length, 3-5-ribbed, the upper smaller 
and bract-like ; heads in a long and dense spike, cylindrical, 8-12- 
flowered; flowers blue-purple to white; involucral bracts in 4-6 
rows, smooth, purple, obtuse and scarious-margined at the apex; 
pappus short-plumose. July-September. On moist soil. 

IV. TRILISA. 

Perennial from a fibrous root ; leaves alternate ; heads in 
corymbs or panicles, few-flowered, discoid ; bracts in 2-3 
rows, the outer shorter ; receptacle naked ; corolla 5-lobed ; 
achenes oblong, 10-ribbed ; pappus of barbed bristles. 

T. odoratissima (Walt.) Cass. Deer-tongue. Vanilla Plant. 
Stem erect, stout, smooth and glaucous, often purple, branched 
above, 2-4 ft. high; lower leaves oblong to spatulate, 3-5-ribbed, 
thick, smooth, entire, petioled, the upper smaller and sessile ; heads 
in corymbs, 7-9-flowered, flowers purple ; bracts oblong, obtuse ; 
achenes pubescent ; pappus minutely bearded. July-September. In 
flat pine barrens. The withering plants strongly vanilla-scented. 

V. SOLIDAGO. 

Perennial herbs, or rarely shrubby ; leaves alternate, entire 
or toothed ; heads small, radiate ; involucral bracts imbri- 



DICOTYLEDONS. 239 

cated in several rows ; receptacle pitted ; flowers yellow, ray- 
flowers 1-16, in a single row, pistillate, disk flowers mostly 
perfect; achenes terete, ribbed; pappus of numerous, slen- 
der, scabrous bristles. A large genus, nearly all flowering 
late in the season. 

1. S. CvESia L. Blue-stemmed Golden-rod. Stem erect, 
slender, smooth and glaucous, usually blue or purple, simple or 
branched, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, sharply 
serrate, smooth ; heads in axillary racemes shorter than the leaves, 
about 10-flowered; rays 3-4; achenes pubescent. August-Septem- 
ber. In woods and thickets. 

2. S. Canadensis L. Canadian Golden-rod. Stem stout, 
erect, rough-pubescent, branched above, 3-8 ft. high ; leaves lanceo- 
late, serrate, 3-nerved, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; heads 
very numerous, on one side of the curved branches of a large pani- 
cle; involucral bracts linear; ray flowers 9-15; achenes pubescent. 
July-November. Margins of fields, on dry ground. 

3. S. NEMORALis Ait. Field Golden-rod. Stem slender, erect, 
gray with dense pubescence, simple, 1-2 ft. high; leaves obscurely 
3-nerved, the lower lanceolate to spatulate, serrate, petioled, the 
upper lanceolate, mostly entire, sessile ; heads many, the racemes in 
a dense panicle with curved branches, 10-12-flowered; bracts linear- 
oblong; ray flowers 6-7 ; achenes pubescent. June- August. Com- 
mon in open fields. 

VI. ASTER. 

Perennial or rarely annual ; leaves alternate ; heads usually 
corymbed or panicled, many-flowered, radiate ; bracts imbri- 
cated in several rows, the outer shorter, the tips spreading; 
receptacle naked, pitted ; ray flowers pistillate, in a single row, 
disk flowers perfect, tubular ; achenes compressed, nerved ; 
pappus a single or double row of slender, scabrous bristles. 

1. A. azureus Lindl. Blue Aster. Stem erect, slender, rigid, 
rough, branched above, 2-3 ft. high ; lower leaves lanceolate to cor- 
date, acute or obtuse at the apex, truncate or cordate at the base, 
entire, long-petioled, the upper lanceolate to linear, sessile, those of 
the branches subulate ; heads numerous ; involucre turbinate, the 
bracts smooth, appressed; ray flowers 10-20, bright blue; pappus 
tawny. July-September. On dry ground. 

2. A. undulatus L. Wavy-leaved Aster. Stem erect, rigid, 
rough-pubescent, widely branched above, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves lanceo- 
late to ovate, rough, entire, undulate or serrate, the lower cordate, 



240 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

on long" and margined petioles which are clasping at the base, the 
upper sessile or clasping, those of the branches very small; heads 
numerous, racemose, -| in. wide ; involucral bracts linear ; ray flowers 
8-15, pale blue; pappus white. July-October. Common on dry 
soil, and very variable. 

3. A. patens Ait. Purple Aster. Stem erect, rough-pubes- 
cent, widely branched above, 2-4 ft. high; leaves ovate-oblong to 
lanceolate, thin, acute or obtuse, clasping by an auricled base, the 
upper small and bract-like, with ciliate margins; heads numerous, 
1 in. wide, on the ends of the paniculate branches ; bracts linear ; 
ray flowers 20-30, blue or violet; pappus tawny; achenes pubescent. 
July-October. Common on dry ground. 

4. A. concolor L. Silvery Aster. Koot often tuberous; 
stem erect, slender, smooth or pubescent above, simple, 2-3 ft. high ; 
leaves lanceolate to oblong, entire, sessile, silky on both sides when 
young; heads numerous, terminating the peduncle-like branches, 
the bracts lanceolate, appressed, with spreading tips; ray flowers 
10-15, lilac; achenes silky; pappus tawny. July-October. On dry, 
sandy ground. 

5. A. dumosus L. Bushy Aster. Stem erect, slender, smooth, 
much branched, 2-3 ft. high; lower leaves spatulate, dentate, the 
upper nearly linear and entire, those of the branches subulate ; heads 
very numerous, small, campanulate; bracts linear, with spreading 
tips; ray flowers 15-30, purple or white; achenes pubescent, pappus 
white. July-October. Common and quite variable. 



VII. ERIGERON. 

Annual or perennial ; leaves alternate ; heads solitary, 
panicled or corymbed, hemispherical, many-flowered, radiate ; 
bracts nearly equal, in 1 or 2 rows ; receptacle naked ; ray 
flowers numerous, pistillate, white to purple, disk flowers 
tubular, perfect ; achenes compressed, 2-nerved ; pappus a 
row of slender, scabrous bristles, often with an outer row of 
chaffy scales or short bristles. 

1. E. Phlladelphicus L. Fleabane. Perennial, often pro- 
ducing runners ; stem erect, slender, hairy, branched above, 2-4 ft. 
high ; leaves thin, entire or coarsely toothed, sessile, the lower spatu- 
late-oblong, the upper lanceolate, clasping; heads in corymbs or pani- 
cles, peduncled; bracts linear; ray flowers numerous, shorter than 
the bracts, narrow, purplish; achenes slightly pubescent; pappus a 
single row of bristles. April-July. Common on low ground. 

2. E. ramosus (Walt.) B. S. P. Daisy Fleabaxe. Annual; 



DICOTYLEDONS. 241 

stem erect, slender, rough-pubescent, paniculately branched above, 
2-3 ft. high ; leaves entire or slightly serrate, pubescent, the lower 
oval to oblong, long-petioled, the upper lanceolate to linear, sessile ; 
heads small, in corymbose panicles ; bracts smooth ; ray flowers 
numerous, white or purplish ; pappus double, the outer row of short, 
chaffy scales, the inner of rough hairs. May-September. Common 
in old fields. 

3. E. vernus (L.) T. & G. Early Fleabane. Perennial, 
from a thick rootstock ; stem erect, slender, smooth, scape-like, 1-2 
ft. high ; leaves mostly basal, spatulate to obovate, thick, entire or 
slightly toothed, with a margined petiole, upper leaves small and 
bract-like ; heads in small, peduncled corymbs ; bracts linear ; ray 
flowers 20-30, white or pink; pappus single. March-May. Com- 
mon on wet ground. 

VIII. SILPHIUM. 

Perennial herbs with resinous juice; stems erect, leafy; 
leaves alternate, opposite or whorled ; heads radiate, large, in 
corymbs or panicles ; involucral bracts leafy, imbricated in 
several rows, the inner small and chaffy ; receptacle with 
linear, acute chaff; ray flowers numerous, yellow, pistillate 
and fertile, disk flowers numerous, perfect but sterile ; style 
undivided; achenes in 3-4 rows, compressed, orbicular to 
obovate, winged on the edges, emarginate at the apex; pappus 
none, or coalesced with the 2 teeth of the achene. 

1. S. l acini atum L. Compass Plant. Stem stout, striate, 
rough-hispid with white hairs, very resinous, few-leaved, simple, 
4-8 ft. high ; leaves mostly basal, petioled, oval in outline, deeply 
pinnately parted, rough-hispid, mostly erect and facing to the east 
or west, stem leaves alternate, small, nearly entire ; heads spiked 
or racemed ; bracts large, ovate, the tips spreading ; ray flowers 20- 
30, 2-3 in. wide; achenes round-obovate, emarginate. June -Septem- 
ber. On prairies and open grounds. 

2. S. terebinthixaceum Jacq. Prairie Dock. Stem smooth, 
branched above, nearly leafless, 3-8 ft. high ; leaves nearly all basal, 
cordate-ovate, acute at the apex, coarsely toothed, rough, long- 
petioled, mostly facing to the east or west; heads loosely pani- 
cled, 2-3 in. wide; bracts oval, obtuse, smooth; ray flowers 12-20; 
achenes obovate, 2-toothed at the apex. June-September. In open 
woods and fields. 



242 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



IX. RUDBECKIA. 

Perennial or biennial ; leaves alternate, entire or lobed ; heads 
radiate, long-peduncled, many-flowered ; bracts imbricated in 
2-3 series, spreading ; receptacle convex or long-conical, with 
concave, chaffy scales ; ray flowers yellow, neutral, disk flowers 
purple to brown, perfect ; achenes smooth, 4-angled, truncate ; 
pappus a few short teeth or wanting. 

1. B. triloba L. Thin-leaved Cone-flower. Biennial; 
stem erect, rough-hairy, branched, 2-5 ft. high ; leaves thin, rough 
on both sides, the lower long-petioled, simple or with 2 lateral lobes, 
middle leaves short-petioled, deeply 3-lobed or parted, the lobes ser- 
rate, upper leaves mostly simple, sessile, entire; heads numerous. 
1-li in. wide; bracts narrowly lanceolate, pubescent; ray flowers 
8-10, disk flowers purplish-black; scales awned, smooth, as long as 
the flowers; pappus a few minute scales. June-September. On 
open ground. 

2. B. hirta L. Cone-flower. Usually biennial ; stem erect, 
rough-hairy, simple or branched, 2-3 ft. high; leaves lanceolate 
to oblong, thick, obscurely serrate, hispid, 3-ribbed, the lower 
petioled, the upper sessile ; heads few, long-peduncled ; bracts hispid, 
spreading; ray flowers 10-20, orange-yellow, disk flowers purplish- 
brown ; chaff acute, hairy at the apex ; pappus none. May-August. 
On dry, open ground. 

3. B. laciniata L. Tall Cone-flower. Perennial; stem 
smooth, branched, 3-10 ft. high; leaves thin, pubescent or rough- 
ened, the lower pinnately divided, the lobes irregularly cut and 
lobed, middle leaves 3-5-lobed or divided, the upper leaves often 
entire; heads few or many; bracts nearly equal; ray flowers 6-10, 
yellow, 1-1 j in. long, disk flowers yellowish ; chaff truncate, pubes- 
cent at the apex, about as long as the achenes ; pappus of very short 
scales. June-September. In damp woods. 



X. HELIANTHUS. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves opposite or alternate, 
undivided, usually 3-ribbed ; heads radiate, few or many, 
solitary or corymbed ; bracts in several series, the tips spread- 
ing or appressed ; receptacle chaffy ; ray flowers neutral, disk 
flowers perfect, tubular ; achenes oblong to obovate, com- 
pressed, 4-angled ; pappus of 2-4 deciduous awns or scales. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 243 

1. H. axnuus L. Sunflower. Annual; stem erect, striate, 
hispid, branched above, 6-12 ft, high; leaves ovate to deltoid, 
3-nerved, dentate, petioled, rough above, rough-pubescent beneath; 
heads terminating the branches, 4-10 in. wide ; ray flowers numer- 
ous, yellow ; disk flowers purple ; chaff 3-cleft ; achenes obovate, 
smooth or slightly pubescent. June-September. Native of the 
northwestern states; common in gardens. 

2. H. divaricatus L. Woodland Sunflower. Perennial, 
from a slender rootstock; stem slender, smooth, branched above, 
2-5 ft. high; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the 
apex, rounded at the base, serrate, very rough above, smooth or 
pubescent beneath ; heads few, 1-3 in. wide, on short peduncles ; 
bracts lanceolate to linear, spreading, as long as the disk ; ray flowers 
8-12, light yellow, disk flowers yellow; chaff entire or 3-toothed, 
pubescent at the apex ; achenes obovate, smooth ; pappus of 2 awns. 
July-September. Common in woods. 

3. H. decapetalus L. Wild Sunflower. Perennial, from a 
thickened rootstock; stem erect, slender, pubescent above, smooth 
below, branched, 2-5 ft. high ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, thin, 
rough above, 3-nerved, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, 
coarsely serrate, short-petioled, the lower opposite, the upper alter- 
nate ; heads many, yellow, 2-3 in. wide ; bracts lanceolate-linear, 
spreading, the outer longer than the disk; ray flowers 8-12 ; chaff 
3-toothed or entire, pubescent at the apex ; achenes smooth ; pappus 
of 2 slender awns. July-September. Common on damp soil. 



XI. COREOPSIS. 

Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves opposite or the upper 
alternate, entire or pinnately divided ; heads radiate, solitary 
or corymbed, many-flowered; bracts in 2 rows of about 8 
each, the inner membranaceous and appressed, the outer nar- 
rower and spreading ; receptacle chaffy ; ray flowers neutral, 
disk flowers tubular, perfect ; achenes compressed, oval to ob- 
long, often winged ; pappus of 2 scales or bristles, or wanting. 

1. C. tinctoria Niitt. Garden Coreopsis. Annual; stem 
erect, smooth, branched, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves 2-3 times pinnately 
divided, the divisions linear, lower leaves petioled, the upper often 
sessile and entire; heads 1—1 J in. wide, on slender peduncles; inner 
bracts brown with scarious margins, outer bracts very short; ray 
flowers about 8, yellow with a brown base, 3-lobed at the apex; 
achenes linear; pappus minute or none. April-September. Com- 
mon in gardens. 



244 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

2. C. laxceolata L. Tickseed. Perennial; stem slender, 
erect or ascending, smooth or slightly pubescent below, simple, 9-15 
in. high; leaves opposite, the lower spatulate to elliptical, some- 
times lobed, on long, ciliate petioles, the upper lanceolate, sessile; 
heads few, on long peduncles ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, the outer 
narrower; ray flowers 6-10, rays 3-5-lobed, bright yellow; achenes 
oval, broadly winged, warty ; pappus of 2 teeth. May-June. On 
rich, dry soil. 

3. C. auriculata L. Ruxxlng Tickseed. Perennial; stem 
ascending or decumbent, weak, smooth, nearly simple, 6-15 in. long; 
leaves ovate to oval, entire or with 2-4 small and rounded lobes at 
the base, pubescent, long-petioled ; heads 1-1 J in. wide, few or sin- 
gle; outer bracts narrower than the inner; rays 6-10, mostly 
4-toothed at the apex ; chaff as long as the flowers ; achenes oblong, 
the wings narrow and thickened ; pappus of 2 minute teeth. April- 
May. In rich woods. 

XII. BIDENS. 

Annual or perennial ; leaves opposite, simple or pinnately 
divided; heads radiate or discoid, corymbed; bracts in 2 
series, the outer often long and leaf -like ; receptacle chaffy ; 
ray flowers neutral or wanting, disk flowers perfect ; achenes 
flat or 4-angled ; pappus of 2-4 downwardly barbed bristles. 

1. B. froxdosa L. Beggar Ticks. Annual; stem erect, smooth 
or slightly pubescent, usually purple, branched, 2-5 ft. high ; leaves 
pinnately 3-5-divided, the segments lanceolate to oval, acuminate, 
sharply serrate, thin; heads discoid, long-peduncle d ; outer bracts 
leaf-like ; achenes flat, narrowly wedge-shaped, ciliate on the edges ; 
pappus of 2 awns. June-September. A common weed. 

2. B. KiPixxATA L. Spaxish Xeedles. Annual; stem erect, 
slender, smooth, 4-angled, branched, 2-5 ft. high ; leaves bipinnate, 
the segments small, ovate to lanceolate, acute, serrate; heads small, 
radiate ; bracts narrow, nearly equal ; ray flowers 2-4, yellow, short ; 
achenes linear, 4-angled, slightly pubescent; pappus of 4 barbed 
awns. July-September. A common weed. 



XIII. HELENIUM. 

Annual or perennial; leaves alternate, decurrent on the 
stem; heads radiate, peduncled, many-flowered; bracts in 2 
series, the outer linear and spreading, the inner few and 
scale-like; receptacle naked, convex or oblong; ray flowers 



DICOTYLEDONS. 245 

pistillate and fertile, or neutral, the rays cuneate, 3-5-lobed, 
disk flowers perfect, tubular, 4-5-lobed ; achenes top-shaped, 
hairy, ribbed ; pappus of 4-5 entire, toothed or awned scales. 

1. H. nudiflorum Nutt. Sneezeweed. Perennial ; stem slen- 
der, erect, pubescent, branched above, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves lanceo- 
late, entire or slightly toothed, the lower petioled, the upper sessile ; 
heads numerous, ray flowers 10-15, neutral, yellow or yellow and 
brown, disk flowers purple ; achenes hairy on the ribs ; pappus of 
ovate, denticulate, awned scales. May-June. Common on river 
banks. 

2. H. tenuifolium Xutt. Bitterweed. Annual ; stem erect, 
widely branched, smooth, 1-2 ft, high; leaves very numerous, fili- 
form, sessile ; heads on long and slender peduncles ; bracts subulate, 
soon reflexed ; ray flowers 4-8, fertile, the rays drooping ; pappus of 
ovate, entire, awned scales. June-October. A troublesome road- 
side and pasture weed. 

XIV. ACHILLEA. 

Perennial ; leaves alternate, pinnately divided ; heads radi- 
ate in a terminal corymb ; involucral bracts imbricated in sev- 
eral series, the outer shorter ; receptacle chaffy ; ray flowers 
white or pink, pistillate and fertile, disk flowers perfect, 
tubular, 5-lobed ; achenes oblong, compressed, slightly mar- 
gined ; pappus none. 

A. millefolium L. Y arrow. Stems often clustered, erect 
from a creeping rootstock, simple, pubescent or tomentose. 1-2 ft. 
high;, leaves lanceolate or oblong, the segments finely cut and 
divided, smooth or pubescent, the lower petioled, the upper sessile ; 
heads small, numerous, in flat-topped corymbs; bracts pubescent; 
ray flowers 4-5, white or pink, rays 3-lobed at the apex. May- 
September. Common in old fields. 



XV. SENECIO. 

Annual or perennial ; stems often hollow ; leaves alternate, 
entire or pinnately divided ; heads radiate or discoid, in 
terminal corymbs ; bracts mostly in a single row, often with a 
few shorter ones at the base : receptacle naked or pitted; ray 
flowers yellow or orange, pistillate and fertile when present, 
disk flowers tubular, perfect ; achenes terete or compressed, 



246 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

not beaked or winged, 5-10-ribbed, pubescent ; pappus of 
numerous, slender, white hairs. 

1. S. tomentosus Michx. Woolly K ag weed. Perennial; 
woolly throughout ; stem stout, erect, mostly simple, 2-3 ft. high ; 
lower leaves ovate to oblong, crenate or entire, obtuse, long-petioled, 
stem leaves few, elliptical to oblanceolate, serrate or toothed, acute, 
sessile ; heads radiate, f in. wide, on slender peduncles ; bracts nar- 
row, becoming smooth; ray flowers 12-15, yellow; achenes hairy. 
April-June. On damp soil. 

2. S. aureus L. Golden Ragweed. Perennial; stems often 
tufted, erect, slender, woolly when young, branched above, 18-30 in. 
high; lower leaves broadly ovate, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the 
base, crenate, long-petioled; stem leaves lanceolate and often pin- 
natifid, the upper small and sessile ; heads radiate, corymbed, on 
slender peduncles; ray flowers 8-12, bright yellow; achenes smooth. 
May-July. On wet soil ; very variable. 

3. S. lobatus Pers. Butterweed. Annual; stem erect, 
ridged, hollow, often woolly when young, and becoming smooth with 
age, branched above, 1-3 ft. high; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, thin, 
the lower petioled, the upper sessile; heads radiate in a terminal 
corymb; bracts linear, acute; ray flowers about 12, yellow; achenes 
slightly hispid on the angles ; pappus scabrous, longer than the 
involucre. March-May. Common on low ground. 

XVI. CARDUUS. 

Biennial or perennial; stem ereet, simple or branched; 
leaves alternate, prickly, often decurrent; heads discoid, 
terminal and solitary or corymbed, many-flowered; bracts 
imbricated in many series, the outer shorter, usually spine- 
pointed ; receptacle bristly ; corollas purplish or nearly white, 
the tube slender, deeply 5-cleft; achenes oblong, 4-angled, 
smooth or ribbed; pappus of numerous simple or plumose 
bristles. 

1. C. altissimus L. Tall Thistle. Perennial or biennial; 
stem stout, very leafy, pubescent or tomentose, branched, 4-10 ft. 
high; leaves rough-pubescent above, hoary beneath, fringed with 
fine prickles, not decurrent, the lower petioled and often pinnatifid, 
the upper sessile and entire ; heads ovoid, 1 in. in diameter ; bracts 
viscid, webby when young, all except the inner ones tipped with 
weak and spreading bristles ; flowers light purple. July-September. 
Common in fields and^waste places. 



DICOTYLEDONS. 247 

2. C. spinosissimus Walt. Yellow Thistle. Biennial or 
perennial ; stern erect, stout, woolly when young, becoming smooth, 
often purple, branched, 1-3 ft. high; leaves pinnatifid, with very 
spiny teeth, mostly sessile and clasping, smooth and green on both 
sides ; heads large, surrounded by a whorl of linear-oblong, pectinate 
leaves; involucral bracts linear, ciliate. not spine-tipped; flowers 
purple or yellowish. April-June. On sandy soil. 



XVII. THYRSANTHEMA. 

Perennial, acaulescent herbs ; leaves green above, white- 
tomentose beneath; scapes single or few, each bearing a 
single head of white or purplish flowers ; heads radiate, many- 
flowered ; bracts imbricated in several rows, appressed, the 
outer shorter ; receptacle naked ; ray flowers in 2 rows, pis- 
tillate and fertile, the outer ligulate, entire or 3-toothed at 
the apex, the inner 3-5"-toothed, filiform, disk flowers perfect 
but sterile, the corolla bilabiate, 5-toothed ; styles entire ; 
achenes oblong, 5-nerved ; pappus of numerous white hairs. 

T. semiflosculare (Walt.) Kuntze. Spring Daisy. Leaves 
narrowly oval to spatulate, nearly prostrate, smooth above, densely 
white-woolly beneath, entire : scapes leafless, erect, slender, tomen- 
tose, 6-1*2 in. high; heads about 1 in. wide, nodding in the bud, 
becoming erect in flower ; bracts lanceolate to linear : rays broadly 
linear, pinkish-purple ; achenes narrowed at each end. smooth ; pap- 
pus of numerous bristle-like hairs. February-April. Very common 
on low ground. 



GLOSSARY OF TEEMS USED IN DESCRIPTIONS. 



Abortive. Rudimentary or imperfect. 
Abruptly pinnate. With two terminal leaflets. 

Acaulescent. The stem not rising above the surface of the ground. 
Appressed. Pressed closely to the main body. 
Aril. An additional, usually fleshy, growth surrounding the seed. 
Aristate. Awned. 

Auriculate. Furnished with rounded, ear-like lobes. 
Baccate. Fleshy or berry-like. 

Bipinnate. Bipinnatifid. Twice pinnate, or twice pinnatifid. 
Biternate. Twice ternate, or twice three-parted. 
Caducous. Dropping off as soon as fully grown. 
Campanulate. Bell-shaped. 
Canescent. Hoary or grayish white. 
Caruncle. An excrescence at the scar of some seeds. 
Ciliate. With hairs on the margins. 
Circinate. Rolled inward from the top. 
Coma. A tuft of hairs. 
Connate. Grown together. 
Connivent. Converging, drawn together. 
Coriaceous. Leathery or chaify in texture. 
Cuneate. Wedge-shaped. 
Declined. Turned to one side. 
Decurrent. Continued downward along the stem. 
Depressed. Flattened from the apex. 
Didynamous. In two pairs of unequal length. 
Distinct, Wholly separate from each other. 
Dorsal. Pertaining to the back. 
Equal. Of the same size and shape. 

249 



250 GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN DESCRIPTIONS. 

Exfoliate. Peeling off in plates. 

Exserted. Protruding beyond the surrounding envelop. 

Fimbriate. Fringed. 

Fusiform. Spindle-shaped. 

Gibbous. Swelled on one side. 

Glabrous. Smooth. 

Glaucous. Covered with bloom, as a cabbage leaf. 

Hirsute. Hairy with long, straight hairs. 

Hispid. Bristly with stiff hairs. 

Hoary. See Canescent. 

Inflated. Swollen and bladder-like. 

Lenticular. Nearly flat, but somewhat convex on both sides. 

Nodulose. Knobbed. 

Odd-pinnate. With a single, terminal leaflet. 

Puberulent. Very minutely downy. 

Pubescent. Hairy with short, fine, and soft hairs. 

Punctate. Minutely dotted. 

Reticulated With a network of veins. 

Rosulate. Flat, roselike. 

Rugose. Roughened with wrinkles. 

Saprophytic. Living on dead vegetable matter. 

Scabrous. Rough. 

Scape. A peduncle arising from the surface of the ground. 

Scarious. Thin and papery. 

Sessile. Not stalked. 

Setaceous. Bristle-like. 

Sinus. The space between two lobes. 

Stipe. The stalk of a pistil or ovary. 

Subulate. Awl-shaped. 

Terete. Cylindrical. 

Tomentose. Clothed with wholly hairs. 

Torulose. Twisted. 

Villous. Clothed with long and soft hairs. 



INDEX. 



Abutilon, 147. 

Acacia, 111. 

Acacia, Crimson, 111. 

ACANTHACE^E, 217. 

Acanthus Family, 217. 
Acer, 141. 
Acerace.e, 140. 
Achillea, 245. 
Actsea, 77. 
Acuan, 110. 
Adopogon, 232. 
iEsculus, 141. 
Agave, 39. 
Agrimonia, 104. 
Agrimony, 104. 
Agrostemma, 69. 
Ailanthus, 133. 
Ailanthus Family, 133. 
Alder, Smooth. 51. 
Aletris, 32. 
Alfalfa, 118. 
Alisma, 16. 
Alismace^e, 16. 
Allium, 29. 
Alnus, 50. 
Aloe, American, 40. 
Aloe, False, 40. 
Althaea, 146. 
Althea, Shrubby, 148. 

AMARANTACEiE, 66. 

Amaranth Family, 66. 



Amaranth, Spiny, 67. 
Am ar an thus, 66. 
Amaryllidace/E, 38. 
Amaryllis, 38. 
Amaryllis Family, 38. 
Amelanchier, 107. 
Amorpha, 120. 
Ampelopsis, 144. 
Amsonia, 184. 

Amsonia, Narrow-leaved, 185. 
Amygdalus, 109. 

ANACARDIACEiE, 137. 

Anagallis, 174. 
Anemone, 79. 
Anemone, Carolina, 79. 
Anemone, Virginia, 79. 
Anemone, Wood, 79. 
Angiosperm.e, 3 5. 
Anise, 74. 
Anonace^:, 75. 
Antirrhinum, 209. 
Apios, 127. 
Apocynace,e, 184. 
Apocynum, 185. 
Apple, 105. 
Apple Family, 105. 
Aquilegia, 78. 
Araceje, 21. 
Aralia, 161. 
Araliace^e, 161. 
Arissema, 21. 



251 



252 



INDEX. 



Aristolochia, 61. 

ARISTOLOCHIACEiE, 60. 

Arrow-arum, Green, 22. 
Arrowhead, Broad-leaved. 17. 
Arrow-wood, 224. 
Arrow-wood, Maple-leaved, 224. 
Arrow-wood, Rough, 224. 
Arum Family, 21. 
Asarum, 60. 
Asarum, Virginia, 60. 

ASCLEPIADACE^E, 186. 

Asclepias, 187. 
Asclepias, Pine-barren, 187. 
Ascyrum, 150. 
Ash, Red, 178. 
Ash, Water, 179. 
Ash, White, 178. 
Asimina, 75. 
Asparagus, 34. 
Aster, 239. 
Aster, Blue, 239. 
Aster, Bushy, 240. 
Aster, Purple, 240. 
Aster, Silvery, 240. 
Aster, Wavy-leaved, 239. 
Atamasco Lily, 38. 
Azalea, 168. 

Baldwin's Pink, 70. 
Baneberry, 77. 
Baptisia, 115. 
Barberry Family, 83. 
Basswood, 145. 
Bay-berry Family, 46. 
Bean, Trailing, 129. 
Bean, Wild, 128. 
Beard-tongue, Gray, 211. 
Beard-tongue, Hairy, 210. 
Bedstraw, 223. 
Bedstraw, Hairy, 222. 
Beech, 51. 



Beech Family, 51. 

Beggar Ticks, 244. 

Beggar- weed, Hoary, 124. 

Beggar-weed, Naked-flowered, 124. 

Beggar-weed, Pointed-leaved, 124. 

Bell-flower Family, 228. 

Bell-flower, Tall, 229. 

Bellwort, Large-flowered, 28. 

Bellwort, Perfoliate, 28. 

Bellwort, Sessile-leaved, 28. 

Benzoin, 86. 

Berberidacele, 83. 

Berchemia, 142. 

Bergamot, Wild, 204. 

Betula, 50. 

BetulaceyE, 48. 

Bidens, 244. 

Bignonia, 215. 

Bignonia Family, 215. 

Bignoniace^e, 215. 

Bindweed, 191. 

Bindweed, Blue, 191. 

Birch, Black, 50. 

Birch, Cherry, 50. 

Birch Family, 48. 

Birth wort Family, 60. 

Bitterbloom, 182. 

Bittercress, Hairy, 90. 

Bitterweed, 245. 

Blackberry, 102. 

Blackberry, Sand, 102. 

Black Gum, 166. 

Black Haw, 224. 

Bladderwort Family, 213. 

Bladderwort, Horned, 214. 

Bladderwort, Small, 214. 

Bladderwort, Swollen, 214. 

Blazing Star, 237. 

Blazing Star, Showy, 238. 

Blood Root, 87. 

Blood wort Family, 37. 



INDEX. 



253 



Blueberry, High-bush, 173. 
Blue Curls, 202. 
Blue-eyed Grass, 42. 
Blue-eyed Grass, Eastern, 43. 
Bluets, 220. 
Bluets, Large, 220. 
Bluets, Long-leaved, 221. 
Bluets, Small, 220. 
Bcehmeria, 59. 
Boneset, 237. 
Boneset, Purple, 237. 
Borage Family. 196. 
Boragesace^e, 196. 
Bouncing Bet, 71. 
Box Elder, 141. 
Bradburya, 126. 
Breweria, 189. 
Bridal Wreath, 101. 
Bromeliace.e, 23. 
Broussonetia, 57. 
Brunnichia, 64. 
Buckeye Family. 141. 
Buckeye, Red, 141. 
Buckthorn, Carolina, 142. 
Buckthorn Family, 142. 
Buckwheat, False, 63. 
Buckwheat Family, 61. 
Bur Clover, 118. 
Bursa, 90. 
Butneria. 85. 

Buttercup, Small-flowered, 81. 
Buttercup, Tufted, 82, 
Butterfly- weed, 187. 
Butternut, 45. 
Butterweed, 246. 
Button-bush, 221. 
Button Snake-root, 238. 
Button Snake-root, Spiked, 238. 
Buttonwood, 99. 

Cactace.e, 154. 



Cactus, Crowfoot, 155. 
Cactus Family, 154. 

C.ESALPIXACE.E, 112. 

Calico Bush, 169. 
Callicarpa, 200. 
Callirrhoe, 146. 
Caltha, 77. 
Calycanthaceje, 84. 
Calycocarpum, 84. 
Camellia, 149. 
Campanula, 229. 
Campaxulace.e, 228. 
Caper Family, 92. 
Capnoides, 88. 
Capparidace.e, 92. 
Caprifoliace.e, 223. 
Cardamine, 90. 
Cardinal Flower, 230. 
Carduus, 246. 
Carpinus, 48. 
Carrion Flower, 36. 
Carrot, Wild, 163. 
Caryophyllace.e, 69. 
Cassia, 112. 
Castalia, 72. 
Castanea, 52. 
Castor Bean, 136. 
Catalpa, 216. 
Catgut, 121. 
Cat-tail, 16. 
Cat-tail Family, 15. 
Cebatha, 83. 
Cedar, Red, 15. 
Celastrace.e. 140. 
Celtis, 55. 
Cephalanthus, 221. 
Cerastium, 71. 
Cercis, 112. 
Chamseliriurn, 27. 
Chaste Tree, 201. 
Cheeses, 146. 



254 



INDEX. 



Chelone, 210. 
Chenopodiace.e, 64. 
Chenopodium, 65. 
Cherry, 109. 
Cherry, Laurel, 109. 
Cherry, Wild Black, 109. 
Chestnut, American, 52. 
Chickweed, Mouse-eared, 71. 
Chicory Family, 231. 
Chinquapin, 52. 
Chionanthus, 179. 
Chrosperma, 27. 
Chrysobalanus, 110. 
Cichoriace.e, 231. 
Cinquefoil, 103. 

ClSTACE^E, 151. 

Citron, 228. 
Claytonia, 68. 
Clematis, 80. 
Clematis, Marsh, 80. 
Cleome, 92. 
Clethra, 167. 
Clethrace^:, 167. 
Cliftonia, 139. 
Clitoria, 127. 
Clover, Buffalo, 119. 
Clover, Carolina, 119. 
Clover, Crimson, 119. 
Clover, Japan, 125. 
Clover, Low Hop, 119. 
Clover, Red, 119. 
Clover, White, 119. 
Cockspur Thorn, 107. 
Coffee-weed, 122. 
Coffee-weed, Long-pod, 123. 
Colchicum Family. 26. 
Colic Root, 32. 
Colic Root, Yellow, 32. 
Columbine, 78. 
Columbine, European, 78. 
Columbo, American, 184. 



Comfrey, Wild, 197. 
Commelina, 24. 
Commelinace.e, 24. 
Compass Plant, 241. 
Composite, 234. 
Cone-flower, 242. 
Cone-flower, Tall, 242. 
Cone-flower, Thin-leaved, 242. 

CONVALLARIACE.E, 33. 
COXVOLVULACE.E, 188. 

Convolvulus, 191. 

Coral Berry, 225. 

Coral Plant, 129. 

Coreopsis, 243. 

Coreopsis, Garden, 243. 

Corxaceje, 165. 

Corn Cockle, 70. 

Corn Salad, 227. 

Cornus, 165. 

Corylus, 49. 

Cotinus, 138. 

Cotton, 148. 

Cottonwood, 47. 

Crab-apple, 106. 

Cracca, 120. 

Crane's-bill, Carolina, 130. 

Crane's-bill, Wild, 130. 

Crape Myrtle, 156. 

Crassulace.e, 95. 

Crataegus, 107. 

Cress, Bulbous, 90. 

Crinum, 39. 

Cross- vine, 215. 

Crotalaria, 116. 

Crowfoot, Bristly, 81. 

Crowfoot, Creeping, 82. 

Crowfoot Family, 76. 

Crowfoot, Hooked, 81. 

Crowfoot, Small-flowered, 81. 

Crucifer^:, 88. 

Cucumber, Creeping, 228. 



INDEX. 



255 



Cucumber, Star, 228. 
Cucurbita, 227. 

CUCURBITACE^E, 227. 

Culver's Root, 212. 
Cupseed, 84. 
Currant, Red, 98. 
Custard Apple Family, 75. 
Cydonia, 107. 
Cynoglossum, 197. 
Cyperace^:, 19. 
Cypress, Bald, 14. 
Cypress Vine, 190. 
Cyrilla, 138. 

CYRILLACE.E, 138. 

Cyrilla Family, 138. 

Dandelion, 233. 
Dandelion, False, 234. 
Dasystoma, 212. 
Datura, 207. 
Daucus, 163. 
Dayflower, Bearded, 24. 
Dayflower, Virginia, 24. 
Day Lily, 29. 
Deerberry, 173. 
Deer Grass, 157. 
Deer-tongue, 238. 
Delphinium, 78. 
Desman thus, 111. 
Dewberry, 102. 
Dianthera, 218. 
Dianthus, 71. 
Dichondra, 189. 
Dicotyledons, 44. 
Diervilla, 226. 
Diodia, 222. 
Diospyros, 175. 
Dirca, 155. 
Ditch Stonecrop, 95. 
Dock, Bitter, 62. 
Dock, Swamp, 62. 



Dodecatheon, 175. 
Dogbane Family, 184. 
Dog-tooth Violet, Yellow, 31. 
Dogwood, Alternate-leaved, 166. 
Dogwood Family, 165. 
Dogwood, Flowering, 165. 
Dogwood, Rough-leaved, 166. 
Dragon Root, 22. 
Drosera, 94. 
Droserace^e, 94. 
Drupace^e, 108. 
Duchesnea, 103. 
Dutchman's Breeches, 88. 
Dutchman's Pipe, 61. 

Ebenace^:, 175. 

Ebony Family, 175. 

Elder, 223. 

Elephantopus, 236. 

Elephant's Foot, Carolina, 236. 

Elephant's Foot, Woolly, 236. 

Elm Family, 54. 

Elm, Slippery, 55. 

Elm, White, 55. 

Elm, Winged, 55. 

Epigsea, 171. 

Ericaceae, 168. 

Erigeron, 240. 

Eryngium, 164. 

Erythrina, 129. 

Erythronium, 31. 

Euonymus, 140. 

Eupatorium, 236. 

Euphorbia, 136. 

EuPHORBIACE^S, 135. 

Evening Primrose, 159. 
Evening Primrose Family, 158. 

Fagace^:, 51. 
Fagus, 51. 
Farkleberry, 173. 



256 



INDEX. 



Fetterbush, 170. 

Fig, 58. 

Figwort Family, 208. 

Flag, Large Blue, 41. 

Flag, Southern Blue, 42. 

Flag, Yellow, 42. 

Fleabane, 240. 

Fleabane, Daisy, 240. 

Fleabane, Early, 241. 

Fleur-de-lis, 42. 

Fly Poison, 27. 

Fog-fruit, 200. 

Forget-me-not, 197. 

Forget-me-not, Small, 197. 

Foxglove, Downy False, 212. 

Foxglove, Smooth False, 213. 

Fragaria, 103. 

Frasera, 183. 

Fraxinus, 178. 

Fringe Tree, 179. 

Frcelichia, 67. 

Frost- weed, 152. 

Fuchsia, 161. 

Galactia, 127. 
Galium, 222. 
Gaura, 160. 
Gaura, Biennial, 160. 
Gaura, Michaux's. 160. 
Gaylussacia, 172. 
Gelsemium, 180. 
Gentiana, 183. 
Gentianace^:, 181. 
Gentian, Elliott's, 183. 
Gentian Family, 181. 
Gentian, Narrow-leaved, 183. 
Geraniace^e, 129. 
Geranium, 130. 
Geranium Family, 129. 
Geranium, Horse-shoe, 130. 
Geranium, Rose, 131. 



Gerardia, 213. 

Gerardia, Flax-leaved, 213. 

Gerardia, Purple, 213. 

Germander, 201. 

Geum, 104. 

Gilia, 193. 

Gilia, Scarlet, 193. 

Ginger Root, 60. 

Ginseng, 162. 

Ginseng Family, 161. 

Glass wort, 6o. 

Glecoma, 203. 

Gleditsia, 113. 

Glottidium, 122. 

Goat's-beard, 232. 

Goat's-beard, Carolina, 232. 

Goat's Rue, 121. 

Golden Club, 23. 

Golden-rod, Blue-stemmed, 239. 

Golden-rod, Canadian, 239. 

Golden-rod, Field, 239. 

Gooseberry Family. 97. 

Gooseberry, Smooth, 98. 

Gooseberry, Wild. 98. 

Goosefoot Family, 64. 

Goosegrass, 222. 

Gourd, 228. 

Gourd Family, 227. 

Gramine^e, 17. 

Grape Family, 143. 

Grape, Fox, 143. 

Grape, Muscadine, 144. 

Grape, Summer, 143. 

Grass Family, 17. 

Grass of Parnassus, 96. 

Greenbrier, Bristly, 36. 

Greenbrier, Glaucous, 36. 

Greenbrier, Laurel-leaved, 37. 

Greenbrier, Walter's, 37. 

Gromwell, Carolina, 198. 

Gromwell, Field, 198. 



INDEX. 



257 



Gromwell, Virginia, 199. 
Grossulariace^e, 97. 
Ground Cherry, Hairy, 205. 
Ground Cherry, Sticky, 205. 
Ground Cherry, Wild, 205. 
Ground Ivy, 203. 
Ground Nut, 127. 

GYMNOSPERMiE, 13. 

Gyrotheca, 37. 

Hackberry, 56. 
Hackberry, Southern, 56. 
Hjemodorace^e, 37. 

HAMAMELIDACEiE, 98. 

Hamamelis, 98. 
Hardhack, 101. 
Haw, Cut-leaved, 108. 
Haw, Small-fruited, 108. 
Haw, Yellow, 108. 
Hazel-nut, 50. 
Heath Family, 168. 
Hedge Mustard, 91. 
Helenium, 244. 
Helianthemum, 152. 
Helianthus, 242. 
Heliotrope, Indian, 196. 
Heliotrope, Seaside, 196. 
Heliotropium, 196. 
Hemerocallis, 29. 
Hepatica, 79. 
Hercules's Club, 132, 161. 
Hesperis, 91. 
Hibiscus, 148. 
Hibiscus, Swamp, 148. 
Hickory, Pig-nut, 46. 
Hickory, Scaly-bark, 46. 
Hicoria, 45. 

HlPPOCASTANACE.E, 141. 

Hog Plum, 110. 

Holly, 139. 

Holly, Deciduous, 139. 



Holly Family, 139. 
Hollyhock, 146. 
Honey Locust, 113. 
Honeysuckle, Coral, 225. 
Honeysuckle Family, 223. 
Honeysuckle, Japan, 225. 
Honeysuckle, Swamp, 169. 
Honeysuckle, Wild, 169. 
Honeysuckle, Yellow, 225. 
Hop-tree, 132. 
Hop- vine, 58. 
Hornbeam, 49. 
Houstonia, 220. 
Huckleberry, Dwarf, 172. 
Huckleberry Family, 171. 
Humulus, 58. 
Hyacinth, 30. 
Hyacinthus, 30. 
Hydrangea, 96. 
Hydrangea, Downy, 96. 
Hydrangea, Garden, 97. 
Hydrangea, Oak-leaved, 97. 
Hydrophyllace^e, 194. 
Hydrophyllum, 194. 
Hymenocallis, 39. 
Hypericace^:, 150. 
Hypericum, 150. 
Hypopitys, 168. 
Hypoxis, 40. 

Ilex, 139. 
Ilicace^e, 139. 
Illicium, 74. 

Indian Cucumber-root, 35. 
Indian Hemp, 185. 
Indian Pipe, 168. 
Indian Pipe Family, 167. 
Indian Turnip, 22. 
Indigo, Blue False, 116. 
Indigo, False, 120. 
Indigofera, 122. 



258 



INDEX. 



Indigo, Narrow-leaved, False, 116. 
Indigo, White Wild, 116. 
Indigo, Wild, 116, 122. 
Ipecac, American, 101. 
Ipomoea, 190. 

IRIDACE2E, 41. 

Iris, 41. 

Iris Family, 41. 

Ironwood, Bastard, 132. 

Isopyrum, 77. 

Itea, 96. 

Jatropha, 136. 
Jessamine, Yellow, 181. 
Jimson-weed, 207. 
Jimson-weed, Purple, 207. 

JlTGLANDACEiE, 44. 

Juglans, 45. 
Juncace^:, 26. 
Juniperus, 15. 
Jussisea, 159. 
Jussisea, Upright, 159. 

Kalmia, 169. 
Kinnikinnik, 166. 
Kneiffia, 160. 
Knot-grass, 63. 
Koniga, 91. 
Krauhnia, 121. 

Labiate, 201. 
Lacinaria, 237. 
Lady's Tear-thumb, 63. 
Lagerstrcemia, 156. 
Lamb Lettuce, 226. 
Larkspur, Blue, 78. 
Larkspur, Garden, 78. 
Lathyrus, 126. 
Latuca, 233. 
Lauraceje, 85. 
Laurel Family, 85. 



Laurel, Ground, 171. 
Laurel, Sheep, 169. 
Lead Plant, 120. 
Leather Flower, 80. 
Leatherwood, 138, 156. 
Legouzia, 229. 
LentibulaceyE, 213. 
Lepidium, 89. 
Leptandra, 212. 
Lespedeza, 124. 
Lespedeza, Bush, 125. 
Lespedeza, Creeping, 125. 
Lettuce, Blue, 234. 
Lettuce, Wild, 233. 
Leucothoe, 170. 
Leucothoe, Downy, 170. 
Leucothoe, Swamp, 170. 
Licorice, Wild, 223. 
Ligustrum, 179. 
Liliaceje, 28. 
Lilium, 30. 
Lily, Carolina, 31. 
Lily Family, 28. 
Lily-of-the- Valley Family, 33. 
Lily, Southern Bed, 31. 
Lily, Tiger, 31. 
Linaria, 209. 
Linden Family, 145. 
Lippia, 200. 
Liquidambar, 99. 
Liriodendron, 75. 
Lithospermum, 198. 
Liver-leaf, 79. 
Lizard-tail, 44. 
Lizard-tail Family, 44. 
Lobelia, 230. 
Lobelia, Blue, 230. 
Lobelia, Spiked, 231. 
Lobelia, Swamp, 230. 
Locust, Black, 122. 

LOGANIACEJE, 180. 



INDEX. 



259 



Logania Family, 180. 
Lonicera, 225. 
Loosestrife Family, 156. 
Loosestrife, Fringed, 174. 
Loosestrife, Lance-leaved, 174. 
Lophiola, 40. 

LORANTHACE^, 59. 

Lotus, American, 73. 
Ludwigia, 158. 
Ludwigia, Hairy, 158. 
Ludwigia, Winged, 158. 
Lupine, Woolly, 117. ' 
Lupinus, 117. 
Lycium, 207. 
Lycopersicon, 206. 
Lythrace^e, 156. 

Madder Family, 220. 
Magnolia, 73. 

MAGNOLIACEiE, 73. 

Magnolia Family, 73. 
Magnolia, Large-flowered, 73. 
Mallow, Bristly, 148. 
Mallow, Halberd-leaved, 148. 
Mallow, Poppy, 146. 
Mallows Family, 145. 
Malus, 106. 
Malva, 146. 
Malvace^:, 145. 
Maple Family, 140. 
Maple, Red, 141. 
Maple, Sugar, 141. 
Marsh Marigold, 77. 
Marsh Violet, Purple, 215. 
Marsh Violet, Yellow, 215. 
Marty nia, 217. 
Martyniace^:, 216. 
Matrimony Vine, 207. 
May Apple, 83. 
Meadow-beauty, 157. 
Meadow-beauty Family, 157. 



Meadow-beauty, Smooth, 157. 
Meadow-beauty, Yellow, 158. 
Meadow Garlic, 30. 
Meadow Rue, 82. 
Medeola, 34. 
Medicago, 117. 
Meibomia, 124. 
Melanthace^e, 26. 
melastomace.e, 157. 
Melia, 133. 

MELIACE.E, 133. 

Melia Family, 133. 

Melilotus, 118. 

Melothria, 228. 

Menispermace^:, 83. 

Menispermum, 84. 

Mezereon Family, 155. 

Mignonette, 93. 

Mignonette Family, 92. 

Milkweed Family, 186. 

Milkweed, Thin-leaved, 188. 

Milkweed, White, 187. 

Milkwort Family, 134. 

Milkwort, Low Yellow, 134. 

Milkwort, Orange, 134. 

Milkwort, Pink, 135. 

Milkwort, Racemed, 135. 

Milkwort, Showy, 135. 

Mimosace^e, 110. 

Mimosa Family, 110. 

Mimulus, 211. 

Mint Family, 201. 

Mint, Horse, 204. 

Mist Flower, 237. 

Mistletoe, 60. 

Mistletoe Family, 59. 

Mitchella, 221. 

Modiola, 148. 

Mohrodendron, 177. 

Monarda, 204. 

Monkey Flower, Sharp- winged, 212. 



260 



INDEX. 



Monkey Flower, Square-stemmed, 

211. 
Monocotyledons, 15. 
Monotropa, 167. 

MONOTROPACE.E, 167. 

Moonseed, 84. 
Moonseed, Carolina, 84. 
Moonseed Family, 83. 
Morace^e, 56. 
Morning-glory, 191. 
Morning-glory Family, 188. 
Morning-glory, Marsh, 191. 
Morning-glory, Small Red, 190. 
Morongia, 111. 
Morus, 56. 

Mulberry Family, 56. 
Mulberry, French, 200. 
Mulberry, Paper, 57. 
Mulberry, Red, 56. 
Mulberry, White, 57. 
Mullein, Moth, 209. 
Muskmelon, 228. 
Mustard Family, 88. 
Mustard, Hedge, 91. 
Myosotis, 197. 
Myrica, 46. 
Myricace^e, 46. 

Nama, 195. 

Nama, Hairy, 195. 

Nama, Ovate-leaved, 196. 

Nelumbo, 73. 

Nemophila, 195. 

Neinophila, Small-flowered, 195. 

Nerium, 186. 

Nettle, False, 59. 

Nettle Family, 58. 

Nettle, Horse, 206. 

Nettle, Large Stinging, 58. 

Nettle, Small, 59. 

Nightshade, 206. 



Ninebark, 100. 
Nymphaea, 72. 
Nymph^ace^e, 72. 

Nyssa, 166. 

Oak, Black, 53. 

Oak, Black Jack, 53. 

Oak, Live, 54. 

Oak, Post, 54. 

Oak, Red, 53. 

Oak, Spanish, 53. 

Oak, Swamp, 54. 

Oak, Swamp Chestnut, 54. 

Oak, White, 53. 

Oak, Willow, 53. 

Oak, Yellow Chestnut, 54. 

Okra, 148. 

Olea, 180. 

Oleaceje, 178. 

Oleander, 186. 

Olive, American, 180. 

Olive Family, 178. 

Olive, Sweet, 180. 

Onagra, 159. 

Onagrace.e, 158. 

Onosmodium, 198. 

Opoponax, 111. 

Opulaster, 100. 

Opuntia, 155. 

ORCHIDACE.E, 43. 

Orchis Family, 43. 
Ornithogalum, 32. 
Orontium, 23. 
Orpine Family, 95. 
Osage Orange, 57. 
Ostrya, 49. 

OXALIDACE^E, 131. 

Oxalis, 131. 
Oxydendrum, 171. 

Pseonia, 82. 
Paeony, Garden, 82; 



INDEX. 



261 



Palmetto, Blue, 21. 
Palmetto, Dwarf, 20. 
Palmetto, Saw, 21. 
Palm Family, 20. 
Panax, 162. 
Pansy, 153. 
Pansy, Field, 153. 
Papaver, 87. 
Papaverace^e, 87. 
Papilionace^e, 114. 
Parnassia, 96. 
Parsley Family, 162. 
Parsnip, 164. 

Parsnip, Hairy Meadow, 164. 
Parthenocissus, 144. 
Passiflora, 154. 
Passiflorace-e, 154. 
Passion-flower, 154. 
Passion-flower Family, 154. 
Passion-flower, Yellow, 154. 
Pastinaca, 163. 
Paulo wnia, 211. 
Pawpaw, 75. 
Pawpaw, Dwarf, 76. 
Pea, Butterfly, 127. 
Peach, 110. 
Pea Family, 114. 
Pear, 106. 

Pea, Spurred Butterfly, 126. 
Pecan, 45. 
Pelargonium, 130. 
Peltandra, 22. 
Penthorum, 95. 
Pentstemon, 210. 
Peppergrass, 89. 
Pepper-vine, 144. 
Periwinkle, 185. 
Persea, 85. 
Persimmon, 175. 
Phaseolus, 128. 
Philadelphus, 97. 



Phlox, 192. 

Phlox, Downy, 192. 

Phlox, Drummond's, 193. 

Phlox Family, 192. 

Phlox, Garden, 192. 

Phlox, Wild Blue, 193. 

Phoradendron, 59. 

Physalis, 204. 

Phytolacca, 68. 

Phytolaccace^:, 67. 

Pickerel-weed, 26. 

Pickerel-weed Family, 25. 

Pieris, 170. 

Pigweed, 65. 

Pigweed, Slender, 66. 

Pinace.e, 13. 

Pineapple Family, 23. 

Pine Family, 13. 

Pine, Loblolly, Oldfield, 14. 

Pine, Long-leaved, 13. 

Pine-sap, 168. 

Pine, Scrub, 14. 

Pine weed, 151. 

Pinguicula, 214. 

Pink Family, 69. 

Pink, Marsh, 182 

Pink, Pine-woods, 182. 

Pinkroot, 181. 

Pink, Slender Marsh, 182. 

Pinus, 13. 

Pitcher-plant Family, 93. 

Pitcher-plant, Small, 94. 

Plantaoinace.e, 219. 

Plantago, 219. 

Plantain, 219. 

Plantain Family, 219. 

Plantain, Large-bracted, 219. 

Plantain, Many-seeded, 219. 

Plantain, Water, 16. 

Platanace.e, 99. 

Platanus, 99. 



262 



INDEX. 



Plum, Chickasaw, 109. 
Plum Family, 108. 
Plum, Wild, 109. 
Podophyllum, 83. 
Poison Vine, 137. 
Pokeweed, 68. 
Pokeweed Family, 67. 

POLEMONIACE^, 192. 

Polemonium, 193. 
Polygala, 134. 

POLYGALACE^E, 134. 
POLYGONACE.E, 61. 

Polygonatum, 34. 

Polygonum, 62. 

Pomace^e, 105. 

Pond Lily, Yellow, 72. 

Pomegranate, 157. 

Pontederia, 25. 

Pontederiace^e, 25. 

Poor Man's Weather-glass, 174. 

Poppy, Corn, 87. 

Poppy Family, 87. 

Poppy, Opium, 87. 

Populus, 47. 

Porteranthus, 101. 

Portulaca, 69. 

PORTULACACE.E, 68. 

Portulaca, Garden, 69. 

Potato Family, 204. 

Potato, Irish, 206. 

Potato Vine, Wild, 190. 

Potentilla, 103. 

Poverty-weed, 222. 

Poverty-weed, Large, 222. 

Prairie Dock, 241. 

Prickly Pear, 155. 

Primrose Family, 173. 

Primrose, Narrow-leaved, 160. 

Primulace^:, 173. 

Prince's Feather, 63. 

Privet, 179. 



Prunus, 108. 
Psoralea, 119. 
Ptelea, 132. 
Puccoon, Hairy, 198. 
Punica, 156. 
Purslane, 69. 
Purslane Family, 68. 
Pyrus, 106. 

Quamoclit, 190. 
Quercus, 52. 
Quince, 107. 
Quince, Japan, 107. 

Ragweed, Golden, 246. 
Ragweed, Woolly, 246. 
Ranunculaceje, 76. 
Ranunculus, 81. 
Raphidophylla, 21. 
Raspberry, Black, 102. 
Raspberry, Red, 102. 
Rattan-vine, 142. 
Rattle-box, 117, 159. 
Rattle-box, Narrow-leaved, 117. 
Red Bay, 85. 
Redbud, 112. 
Red Root, 37. 
Reseda, 93. 
ReseUace^e, 92. 
Rhamnaceje, 142. 
Rhamnus, 142. 
Rhexia, 157. 
Rhusr, 137. 
Rhynchosia, 128. 
Rhynchosia, Climbing, 128. 
Rhynchosia, Round-leaved, 128. 
Ribes, 98. 
Ribgrass, 219. 
Ricinus, 135. 
Robinia, 121. 
Rock-rose, Carolina, 152. 



INDEX. 



263 



Rock-rose Family, 151. 
Roripa, 89. 
Rosa, 104. 
Rosacea, 100. 
Rose, Cherokee, 105. 
Rose, Climbing, 105. 
Rose Family, 100. 
Rose, Pasture, 105. 
Royal Catchfly, 70. 
Rubiace^e, 220. 
Rubus, 102. 
Rudbeckia, 242. 
Rue Anemone, 80. 
Rue Family, 131. 
Ruellia, 217. 
Ruellia, Hairy, 218. 
Ruellia, Smooth, 218. 
Rumex, 62. 
Rush Family, 26. 
Rutace^:, 131. 

Sabal, 20. 

Sabalaceje, 20. 

Sabbatia, 182. 

Sabbatia, Large-leaved, 182. 

Sage, Garden, 203. 

Sage, Scarlet, 203. 

Sagittaria, 17. 

Sagittaria, Grass-leaved, 17. 

Salicace^:, 47. 

Salicornia, 65. 

Salix, 48. 

Salsola, 66. 

Saltwort, 66. 

Salvia, 203. 

Salvia, Lyre-leaved, 203. 

Sambucus, 223. 

Sand Bur, 206. 

Sanguinaria, 87. 

Sanicula, 165. 

Saponaria, 71. 



Sarothra, 151. 
Sarracenia, 93. 
Sarraceniace^:, 93. 
Sarsaparilla, 162. 
Sassafras, 86. 
Saururace^:, 44. 
Saururus, 44. 
Saxifragace^e, 95. 
Saxifrage Family, 95. 

SCROPHULARIACE^E, 208. 

Scutellaria, 202. 

Sedge Family, 19. 

Senecio, 245. 

Senna, Coffee, 112. 

Senna Family, 112. 

Senna, Low, 112. 

Sensitive Brier, 111. 

Sensitive Plant, Large-flowered, 

113. 
Sensitive Plant, Wild, 113. 
Serenoa, 20. 
Serinia, 231. 
Service Berry, 107. 
Sesban, 123. 
Sheep Sorrel, 62. 
Shepherd's Purse, 90. 
Shooting Star, 175. 
Sicyos, 228. 
Sida, 147. 
Sida, Elliott's, 147. 
Sida, Prickly, 147. 
Side-saddle Flower, 93. 
Silene, 70. 
Silphium, 241. 

Silver-bell, Four-winged, 177. 
Silver-bell, Two-winged, 177. 
Simarubace^:, 133. 
Sisyrinchium, 42. 
Sitilias, 234. 

Skullcap, Heart-leaved, 202. 
Smartweed, Hairy, 64. 



264 



INDEX. 



Smartweed, Water, 63. 
Smilaceje, 36. 
Smilax, 36. 
Smilax Family, 36. 
Smoke Tree, 138. 
Snake-head, 210. 
Snakeroot, Black, 165. 
Snakeroot, Button, 164. 
Snakeroot, Samson's, 120. 
Snakeroot, Virginia, 61. 
Snapdragon, 210. 
Sneezeweed, 245. 
Solanace.e, 204. 
Solanum, 205. 
Solidago, 238. 
Solomon's Seal, Hairy, 34. 
Solomon's Seal, Smooth, 34. 
Sonchus, 233. 
Sophia, 91. 
Sorrel Family, 131. 
Sour- wood, 171. 
Sow Thistle, 233. 
Sow Thistle, Spiny, 233. 
Spanish Dagger, 33. 
Spanish Moss, 23. 
Spanish Needles, 244. 
Spearwort, Low, 81. 
Specularia, 229. 
Spice-bush, 86. 
Spider Flower, 92. 
Spiderw^ort, 25. 
Spider wort Family, 24. 
Spiderwort, Hairy, 25. 
Spigelia, 181. 
Spikenard, 162. 
Spirea, 101. 

Spirea, Willow-leaved, 101. 
Spring Beauty, 68, 77. 
Spring Daisy, 247. 
Spurge Family, 135. 
Spurge, Flowering, 136. 



Spurge Nettle, 136. 
Spurge, Spotted, 136. 
Squash, Crookneck, 227. 
Squash, Summer, 227. 
Staff-tree Family, 140. 
St. Andrew's Cross, 150. 
Star-grass, 40. 
Star of Bethlehem, 32. 
Starry Campion, 70. 
Steironema, 174. 
St. John's-wort, Dwarf, 151. 
St. John's-wort Family, 150. 
St. John's-wort, Spotted, 151. 
Storax, Downy, 178. 
Storax Family, 176. 
Storax, Large-leaved, 178. 
Storax, Smooth, 177. 
St. Peter's-wort, 150. 
Strawberry Bush, 140. 
Strawberry, European, 103. 
Strawberry Geranium, 103. 
Strawberry-shrub Family, 84. 
Strawberry, Wild, 103. 
Strophostyles, 129. 
Stuartia, 149. 

Stuartia. Hound-fruited, 149. 
Stylosanthes, 123. 
Styracace^e, 176. 
Sty rax, 177. 
Sumac, 137. 
Sumac Family, 137. 
Sumac, Fragrant, 137. 
Sumac, Staghorii. 137. 
Sundew Family, 94. 
Sundew, Round-leaved, 94. 
Sundew, Short-leaved, 95. 
Sundew, Thread-leaved, 94. 
Sundrops, 160. 
Sunflower, 243. 
Sunflower, Wild, 243. 
Sunflower, Woodland, 243. 



INDEX. 



265 



Supple Jack, 142. 
Swamp Lily, 39. 
Swamp Poplar, 47. 
Sweet Alyssum, 91. 
Sweet Bay, 74. 
Sweetbrier, 105. 
Sweet-Gum, 99. 
Sweet Leaf, 176. 
Sweet-leaf Family, 176. 
Sweet-scented Shrub, 85. 
Sweet William, 71. 
Sycamore, 99. 
Sycamore Family, 99. 
Symphoricarpus, 225. 
Symplocace^e, 176. 
Symplocos, 176. 
Syndesmon, 80. 
Syringa, Garden, 97. 
Syringa, Large-flowered, 97. 

Tangleberry, 172. 

Taraxacum, 232. 

Taxodium, 14. 

Tea, 149. 

Tea Family, 149. 

Tecoma, 216. 

Teucrium, 201. 

Thalictrum, 82. 

Thaspium, 164. 

Theace^:, 149. 

Thistle Family, 234. 

Thistle, Tall, 246. - 

Thistle, Yellow, 247. 

Thorn-apple, 208. 

Thoroughwort, Round-leaved, 

237. 
Thoroughwort, White, 237. 
Thymeleace^:, 155. 
Thyrsanthema, 247. 
Tickseed, 244. 
Tickseed, Running, 244. 



Tilia, 145. 

TlLIACE^E, 145. 

Tillandsia, 23. 
Titi, 139. 
Toad-flax, 209. 
Tomato, 207. 
Toxylon, 57. 
Tradescantia, 25. 
Tree of Heaven, 133. 
Trichostema, 202. 
Trifolium, 118. 
Trilisa, 238. 
Trillium, 35. 
Trumpet Flower, 216. 
Trumpet-leaf, 94. 
Trumpet-leaf, Spotted, 94. 
Tulip Tree, 75. 
Tupelo, 166. 
Twin-berry, 221. 
Typha, 16. 
Typhace^:, 15. 

Ulmace^e, 54. 

Ulmus, 55. 

Umbellifee^e, 162. 

Umbrella Tree, 133. 

Umbrella Tree, Large-leaved, 74. 

Umbrella Tree, Long-leaved, 74. 

Unicorn Plant, 217. 

Unicorn-plant Family, 216. 

Unicorn Root, 27. 

Urtica, 58. 

Urticace^e, 58. 

Utricularia, 214. 

Uvularia, 28. 

Vacciniace^:, 171. 
Vaccinium, 172. 
Valerianace^e, 226. 
Valerianella, 226. 
Valerian Family, 226. 



266 



INDEX. 



Valerian, Greek, 194. 

Vanilla Plant, 238. 

Velvet Leaf, 147. 

Venus' s Looking-glass, 230. 

Verbascum, 209. 

Verbena, 199. 

Verbenace^e, 199. 

Verbena Family, 199. 

Verbena, Wild, 200. 

Vervain, European, 199. 

Vervain, Narrow-leaved, 199. 

Vetch, Common, 125. 

Vetch, Dwarf, 126. 

Vetch, Hairy, 126. 

Vetch, Louisiana, 125. 

Vetch, Veiny, 126. 

Viburnum, 224. 

Vicia, 125. 

Vinca, 185. 

Vincetoxicum, 188. 

Vincetoxicum, Carolina, 188. 

Vincetoxicum, Large-leaved, 188. 

Viola, 152. 

Violace^e, 152. 

Violet, Bird's-foot, 153. 

Violet, Dame's, 91. 

Violet, Early Blue, 153. 

Violet, English Sweet, 153. 

Violet Family, 152. 

Violet, Halberd-leaved, 153. 

Violet, Meadow, 153. 

Violet, Primrose-leaved, 153. 

Virginia Creeper, 144. 

Virgin's Bower, 80. 

VlTACEJE, 143. 

Vitex, 201. 
Vitis, 143. 

Wahoo, 140. 

Wake-robin, Large-flowered, 35. 

Wake-robin, Sessile-flowered, 35. 



Wake-robin, Underwood's, 35. 
Walnut, Black, 45. 
Walnut Family, 44. 
Watercress, 89. 
Watercress, Yellow, 89. 
Water-leaf Family, 194. 
Water-leaf, Large-leaved, 194. 
Water Lily, White, 72. 
Watermelon, 228. 
Water Plantain, 16. 
Water-plantain Family, 16. 
Water Willow, 218. 
Water Willow, Loose-flowered, 

218. 
Waxberry, 46. 
Weigela, 226. 
White Alder, 167. 
White-alder Family, 167. 
White Avens, 104. 
White Milkweed, 187. 
Wild Onion, 30. 
Wild Onion, Striped, 30. 
Willow, Black, 48. 
Willow Family, 47. 
Willow, Weeping, 48. 
Wistaria, 121. 
Witch Hazel, 99. 
Witch-hazel Family, 98. 
Withe-rod, 224. 
Wood Sorrel Violet, 131. 
Wood Sorrel, Yellow, 131. 
Wormseed, 65. 

Xanthoxylum, 132. 

Yarrow, 245. 

Yucca, 33. 

Yucca, Aloe-leaved, 33. 

Zornia, 123. 



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